feat: unify system status codes

kernel/src/Api/Audio.hpp

@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                                                        bitsPerSample, pid, name);
         }
 
-        return -1;
+        return NoDevice;
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_AudioClose(int handle) {
         Drivers::Audio::Mixer::Close(handle);
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_AudioWrite(int handle, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t size) {

kernel/src/Api/BluetoothSyscall.hpp

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int64_t Sys_BtScan(BtScanResult* buf, int maxCount, uint32_t timeoutMs) {
-        if (!buf || maxCount <= 0) return -1;
-        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return -1;
+        if (!buf || maxCount <= 0) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return NoDevice;
 
         // Use a stack buffer for kernel-side results (max 16)
         Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::Hci::InquiryDevice tmpBuf[16];
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_BtConnect(const uint8_t* bdAddr) {
-        if (!bdAddr) return -1;
-        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return -1;
+        if (!bdAddr) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return NoDevice;
 
         return (int64_t)Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::Connect(bdAddr);
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_BtDisconnect(const uint8_t* bdAddr) {
-        if (!bdAddr) return -1;
-        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return -1;
+        if (!bdAddr) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return NoDevice;
 
         Kt::KernelLogStream(Kt::INFO, "Power") << "pid " << kcp::dec
             << (uint64_t)Sched::GetCurrentPid()
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_BtSetAddr(const uint8_t* bdAddr) {
-        if (!bdAddr) return -1;
-        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return -1;
+        if (!bdAddr) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return NoDevice;
 
         // bdAddr is a 6-byte buffer, addr[0] = least-significant octet.
-        return Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::SetAddress(bdAddr) ? 0 : -1;
+        return Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::SetAddress(bdAddr) ? Success : GenericFailure;
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_BtBonds(BtBondInfo* buf, int maxCount) {
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_BtForget(const uint8_t* bdAddr) {
-        if (!bdAddr) return -1;
-        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return -1;
+        if (!bdAddr) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) return NoDevice;
 
         return (int64_t)Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::ForgetDevice(bdAddr);
     }
@@ -119,13 +119,13 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_BtInfo(BtAdapterInfo* buf) {
-        if (!buf) return -1;
+        if (!buf) return InvalidArgument;
 
         memset(buf, 0, sizeof(BtAdapterInfo));
 
         if (!Drivers::USB::Bluetooth::IsInitialized()) {
             buf->initialized = 0;
-            return -1;
+            return NoDevice;
         }
 
         buf->initialized = 1;
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         for (; i < 63 && name[i]; i++) buf->name[i] = name[i];
         buf->name[i] = '\0';
 
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
 }

kernel/src/Api/BuildNo.hpp

@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#define MONTAUK_BUILD_NUMBER 251
+#define MONTAUK_BUILD_NUMBER 254

kernel/src/Api/Clipboard.hpp

@@ -90,22 +90,24 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static int Sys_ClipboardSetText(const char* data, uint32_t len) {
         if (len == 0)
             return Sys_ClipboardClear();
-        if (data == nullptr || len > CLIPBOARD_MAX_TEXT_BYTES || Memory::g_heap == nullptr)
-            return -1;
+        if (data == nullptr || len > CLIPBOARD_MAX_TEXT_BYTES)
+            return InvalidArgument;
+        if (Memory::g_heap == nullptr)
+            return OutOfMemory;
 
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
             if (data[i] == '\0')
-                return -1;
+                return InvalidArgument;
         }
 
         const char* currentUser = ClipboardCurrentUser();
-        if (currentUser == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (currentUser == nullptr) return GenericFailure;
 
         char user[32];
         ClipboardCopyUser(user, currentUser);
 
         char* newText = (char*)Memory::g_heap->Request(len + 1);
-        if (newText == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (newText == nullptr) return OutOfMemory;
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
             newText[i] = data[i];
         newText[len] = '\0';
@@ -129,18 +131,18 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         if (oldText != nullptr)
             Memory::g_heap->Free(oldText);
 
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int Sys_ClipboardGetInfo(ClipboardInfo* out) {
-        if (out == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (out == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         out->textBytes = 0;
         out->_pad = 0;
         out->serial = 0;
 
         const char* currentUser = ClipboardCurrentUser();
-        if (currentUser == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (currentUser == nullptr) return GenericFailure;
 
         char user[32];
         ClipboardCopyUser(user, currentUser);
@@ -152,17 +154,17 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             out->serial = slot->serial;
         }
         g_clipboardLock.Release();
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int Sys_ClipboardGetText(char* buffer, uint32_t bufferLen, uint32_t* outLen, uint64_t* outSerial) {
-        if (outLen == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (outLen == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         *outLen = 0;
         if (outSerial != nullptr) *outSerial = 0;
 
         const char* currentUser = ClipboardCurrentUser();
-        if (currentUser == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (currentUser == nullptr) return GenericFailure;
 
         char user[32];
         ClipboardCopyUser(user, currentUser);
@@ -173,25 +175,25 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             if (slot != nullptr && outSerial != nullptr)
                 *outSerial = slot->serial;
             g_clipboardLock.Release();
-            return 0;
+            return Success;
         }
 
         *outLen = slot->len;
         if (outSerial != nullptr) *outSerial = slot->serial;
         if (buffer == nullptr || bufferLen < slot->len) {
             g_clipboardLock.Release();
-            return -1;
+            return BufferTooSmall;
         }
 
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < slot->len; i++)
             buffer[i] = slot->text[i];
         g_clipboardLock.Release();
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int Sys_ClipboardClear() {
         const char* currentUser = ClipboardCurrentUser();
-        if (currentUser == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (currentUser == nullptr) return GenericFailure;
 
         char user[32];
         ClipboardCopyUser(user, currentUser);
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         if (oldText != nullptr)
             Memory::g_heap->Free(oldText);
 
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
 }

kernel/src/Api/Device.hpp

@@ -225,10 +225,10 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int Sys_DiskInfo(DiskInfo* buf, int blockDevIndex) {
-        if (buf == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (buf == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         auto* bdev = Drivers::Storage::GetBlockDevice(blockDevIndex);
-        if (!bdev) return -1;
+        if (!bdev) return NoDevice;
 
         // Zero the struct first so SATA-specific fields default to 0
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(DiskInfo); i++)
@@ -303,8 +303,8 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         }
 
         // If type is still 0, this block device is not recognized
-        if (buf->type == 0) return -1;
+        if (buf->type == 0) return UnsupportedOp;
 
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 };

kernel/src/Api/Filesystem.hpp

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #include <Fs/ProtectedPaths.hpp>
 
 namespace montauk::abi {
+    // Writes refused here return SystemIntegrityError: the path is protected
+    // by Fs/ProtectedPaths, not merely gated on an ordinary capability.
     static bool CanModifyFilePath(const char* resolved) {
         uint64_t required = Fs::RequiredFileWriteCapability(resolved);
         return required == 0 || Sched::HasCapability(required);
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int Sys_Open(const char* path) {
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
         return Ipc::OpenFileHandle(resolved);
     }
 
@@ -53,8 +55,8 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static int Sys_ReadDirAt(const char* path, const char** outNames, int maxEntries,
                              int startIndex) {
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
-        if (startIndex < 0) return -1;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (startIndex < 0) return InvalidArgument;
 
         // Get entries from VFS into a kernel-local array
         const char* kernelNames[256];
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
         // Allocate a user-accessible page for string data via process heap
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr) return GenericFailure;
 
         // Use a rotating ring of scratch pages below the heap instead of
         // extending the heap high-water mark on every call. This keeps repeated
@@ -80,11 +82,11 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
         if (physAddr == 0) {
             void* page = Memory::g_pfa->AllocateZeroed();
-            if (page == nullptr) return -1;
+            if (page == nullptr) return OutOfMemory;
             physAddr = Memory::SubHHDM((uint64_t)page);
             if (!Memory::VMM::Paging::MapUserIn(proc->pml4Phys, physAddr, userVa)) {
                 Memory::g_pfa->Free(page);
-                return -1;
+                return OutOfMemory;
             }
             pageBuf = (uint8_t*)page;
         } else {
@@ -113,25 +115,25 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int Sys_FCreate(const char* path) {
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
-        if (!CanModifyFilePath(resolved)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!CanModifyFilePath(resolved)) return SystemIntegrityError;
         return Ipc::CreateFileHandle(resolved);
     }
 
     static int Sys_FDelete(const char* path) {
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
-        if (!CanModifyFilePath(resolved)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!CanModifyFilePath(resolved)) return SystemIntegrityError;
         return Fs::Vfs::VfsDelete(resolved);
     }
 
     static int Sys_Stat(const char* path, FileStat* out) {
-        if (out == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (out == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
 
         Fs::Vfs::StatInfo info;
-        if (Fs::Vfs::VfsStat(resolved, info) != 0) return -1;
+        if (Fs::Vfs::VfsStat(resolved, info) != 0) return NoSuchPath;
 
         out->size  = info.size;
         out->mtime = info.mtime;
@@ -139,38 +141,46 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         out->atime = info.atime;
         out->mode  = info.mode;
         out->isDir = info.isDir ? 1u : 0u;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int Sys_Utime(const char* path, int64_t atime, int64_t mtime,
                          bool useCurrent) {
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
         // Timestamps are file state like any other: a protected path must not
         // be mutable through a side door that skips the write check.
-        if (!CanModifyFilePath(resolved)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+        if (!CanModifyFilePath(resolved)) return SystemIntegrityError;
         if (useCurrent) {
             int64_t now = Timekeeping::GetUnixTimestamp();
             atime = now;
             mtime = now;
         }
-        return Fs::Vfs::VfsSetTimes(resolved, atime, mtime);
+        // VfsSetTimes has its own codes: -1 not found, -2 unsupported by the
+        // filesystem, -3 timestamp out of range, -4 I/O error.
+        switch (Fs::Vfs::VfsSetTimes(resolved, atime, mtime)) {
+            case 0:  return Success;
+            case -2: return UnsupportedOp;
+            case -3: return InvalidArgument;
+            case -4: return IoFailure;
+            default: return NoSuchPath;
+        }
     }
 
     static int Sys_FMkdir(const char* path) {
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
-        if (!CanModifyFilePath(resolved)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!CanModifyFilePath(resolved)) return SystemIntegrityError;
         return Fs::Vfs::VfsMkdir(resolved);
     }
 
     static int Sys_FRename(const char* oldPath, const char* newPath) {
         char resolvedOld[256];
         char resolvedNew[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(oldPath, resolvedOld, sizeof(resolvedOld))) return -1;
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(newPath, resolvedNew, sizeof(resolvedNew))) return -1;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(oldPath, resolvedOld, sizeof(resolvedOld))) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(newPath, resolvedNew, sizeof(resolvedNew))) return InvalidArgument;
         if (!CanModifyFilePath(resolvedOld) || !CanModifyFilePath(resolvedNew))
-            return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+            return SystemIntegrityError;
         return Fs::Vfs::VfsRename(resolvedOld, resolvedNew);
     }
 

kernel/src/Api/Graphics.hpp

@@ -118,18 +118,18 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         if ((int64_t)index == -1) {
             return GPU::FlipSupported() ? 1 : 0;
         }
-        if (!GPU::FlipSupported()) return -1;
+        if (!GPU::FlipSupported()) return UnsupportedOp;
 
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
         if ((int64_t)index == -2) {
-            return proc != nullptr ? GPU::AcquireFlip(proc->pid) : -1;
+            return proc != nullptr ? GPU::AcquireFlip(proc->pid) : GenericFailure;
         }
-        if (proc == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr) return GenericFailure;
         return GPU::Flip((int)index, (flags & 1) != 0, proc->pid);
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_DisplayInfo(DisplayInfo* out) {
-        return Drivers::Graphics::IntelGPU::GetDisplayInfo(out) ? 0 : -1;
+        return Drivers::Graphics::IntelGPU::GetDisplayInfo(out) ? Success : NoDevice;
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_DisplayModes(DisplayModeInfo* out, int maxCount) {
@@ -137,7 +137,12 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_DisplaySetMode(int modeIndex) {
-        return Drivers::Graphics::IntelGPU::SetDisplayMode(modeIndex);
+        // The driver answers -2 for a mode that would need link retraining
+        // and -3 for a modeset that failed and was rolled back.
+        int64_t rc = Drivers::Graphics::IntelGPU::SetDisplayMode(modeIndex);
+        if (rc == -2) return UnsupportedOp;
+        if (rc == -3) return IoFailure;
+        return rc;
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_DisplayBrightness(int percent) {

kernel/src/Api/Heap.hpp

@@ -211,9 +211,9 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
         int slot = GetCurrentSlot();
         if (proc == nullptr || slot < 0 || size == 0 || (addr & 0xFFFULL) != 0 ||
-            size > UINT64_MAX - 0xFFFULL) return -1;
+            size > UINT64_MAX - 0xFFFULL) return InvalidArgument;
         size = (size + 0xFFFULL) & ~0xFFFULL;
-        if (addr > UINT64_MAX - size) return -1;
+        if (addr > UINT64_MAX - size) return InvalidArgument;
 
         g_heapLocks[slot].Acquire();
         uint64_t firstPage = 0;
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             }
             link = &area->next;
         }
-        if (*link == nullptr) { g_heapLocks[slot].Release(); return -1; }
+        if (*link == nullptr) { g_heapLocks[slot].Release(); return InvalidArgument; }
 
         HeapAlloc* area = *link;
         uint64_t oldPages = area->numPages;
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         g_heapLocks[slot].Acquire();
         Sched::g_allocatedPages[slot] -= resident;
         g_heapLocks[slot].Release();
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     inline int64_t Sys_Protect(uint64_t addr, uint64_t size, uint64_t prot) {
@@ -272,9 +272,9 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             size > UINT64_MAX - 0xFFFULL ||
             (prot & ~(VmProtRead | VmProtWrite | VmProtExec)) != 0 ||
             (prot & VmProtRead) == 0 ||
-            ((prot & VmProtWrite) != 0 && (prot & VmProtExec) != 0)) return -1;
+            ((prot & VmProtWrite) != 0 && (prot & VmProtExec) != 0)) return InvalidArgument;
         size = (size + 0xFFFULL) & ~0xFFFULL;
-        if (addr > UINT64_MAX - size) return -1;
+        if (addr > UINT64_MAX - size) return InvalidArgument;
 
         g_heapLocks[slot].Acquire();
         uint64_t pages = size / 0x1000ULL;
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                     break;
                 }
             }
-            if (!covered) { g_heapLocks[slot].Release(); return -1; }
+            if (!covered) { g_heapLocks[slot].Release(); return InvalidArgument; }
         }
 
         uint64_t end = addr + size;
@@ -343,12 +343,12 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                                                      addr + i * 0x1000ULL,
                                                      writable, executable)) {
                 g_heapLocks[slot].Release();
-                return -1;
+                return GenericFailure;
             }
         }
         g_heapLocks[slot].Release();
         Memory::ShootdownUserRange(proc->pml4Phys, addr, (uint32_t)pages);
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     // Resolve a non-present access inside an anonymous VMA. This is used for

kernel/src/Api/IoRedir.hpp

@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             const char* path, const char* args,
             const SpawnCapabilities* capabilities) {
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
 
         int parentSlot = Ipc::CurrentSlot();
         int childPid = Sched::Spawn(resolved, args, false, nullptr, 0,
                                     capabilities);
-        if (childPid < 0) return -1;
+        if (childPid < 0) return childPid;
 
         auto* child = Sched::GetProcessByPid(childPid);
         int childSlot = Ipc::SlotForPid(childPid);
         if (child == nullptr || childSlot < 0 || parentSlot < 0) {
             Sched::KillProcess(childPid);
-            return -1;
+            return GenericFailure;
         }
 
         Ipc::Stream* outStream = Ipc::CreateStream(RedirOutputStreamCapacity);
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             if (inStream != nullptr) Ipc::ReleaseStream(inStream, false, false);
             if (keyMailbox != nullptr) Ipc::ReleaseMailbox(keyMailbox, false, false);
             Sched::KillProcess(childPid);
-            return -1;
+            return OutOfMemory;
         }
 
         int parentOutHandle = Ipc::InstallHandleForSlot(
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             if (child->ioInHandle < 0) Ipc::ReleaseStream(inStream, false, false);
             if (child->ioKeyHandle < 0) Ipc::ReleaseMailbox(keyMailbox, false, false);
             Sched::KillProcess(childPid);
-            return -1;
+            return GenericFailure;
         }
 
         child->redirected = true;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         child->termRows = 25;
         if (Sched::StartProcess(childPid) < 0) {
             Sched::KillProcess(childPid);
-            return -1;
+            return GenericFailure;
         }
 
         return childPid;
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static int Sys_SpawnRedirCaps(const char* path, const char* args,
                                   const SpawnCapabilities* requested) {
         auto* parent = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (parent == nullptr || requested == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (parent == nullptr || requested == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         SpawnCapabilities copy = *requested;
         if (!ValidCapabilityDelegation(copy, parent->delegableCaps)) {
-            return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+            return CapabilityDenied;
         }
         return Sys_SpawnRedirInternal(path, args, &copy);
     }
@@ -105,51 +105,51 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static int Sys_ChildIoRead(int childPid, char* buf, int maxLen) {
         auto* child = Sched::GetProcessByPid(childPid);
         if (child == nullptr || child->parentPid != Sched::GetCurrentPid())
-            return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+            return PermissionDenied;
         Ipc::HandleSnapshot snapshot;
         Ipc::Stream* stream = GetRedirOutStream(child, snapshot);
-        if (!child->redirected || stream == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (!child->redirected || stream == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         return Ipc::StreamRead(stream, (uint8_t*)buf, maxLen, true);
     }
 
     static int Sys_ChildIoWrite(int childPid, const char* data, int len) {
         auto* child = Sched::GetProcessByPid(childPid);
         if (child == nullptr || child->parentPid != Sched::GetCurrentPid())
-            return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+            return PermissionDenied;
         Ipc::HandleSnapshot snapshot;
         Ipc::Stream* stream = GetRedirInStream(child, snapshot);
-        if (!child->redirected || stream == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (!child->redirected || stream == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         return WriteAllToStream(stream, (const uint8_t*)data, len);
     }
 
     static int Sys_ChildIoWriteKey(int childPid, const KeyEvent* key) {
-        if (key == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (key == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         auto* child = Sched::GetProcessByPid(childPid);
         if (child == nullptr || child->parentPid != Sched::GetCurrentPid())
-            return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+            return PermissionDenied;
         Ipc::HandleSnapshot snapshot;
         Ipc::Mailbox* mailbox = GetRedirKeyMailbox(child, snapshot);
-        if (!child->redirected || mailbox == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (!child->redirected || mailbox == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         for (;;) {
             uint64_t observedWake = Sched::ObserveObjectWake(mailbox);
             int rc = Ipc::MailboxSend(mailbox, 0, key, sizeof(KeyEvent));
-            if (rc < 0) return -1;
+            if (rc < 0) return GenericFailure;
             if (rc == 0) {
                 Sched::BlockOnObjectSince(mailbox, 0, observedWake);
                 continue;
             }
-            return 0;
+            return Success;
         }
     }
 
     static int Sys_ChildIoSetTermsz(int childPid, int cols, int rows) {
         auto* child = Sched::GetProcessByPid(childPid);
         if (child == nullptr || child->parentPid != Sched::GetCurrentPid())
-            return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-        if (!child->redirected) return -1;
+            return PermissionDenied;
+        if (!child->redirected) return InvalidArgument;
         child->termCols = cols;
         child->termRows = rows;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 };

kernel/src/Api/IpcSyscall.hpp

@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int Sys_StreamCreate(int* outReadHandle, int* outWriteHandle, uint32_t capacity) {
-        if (outReadHandle == nullptr || outWriteHandle == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (outReadHandle == nullptr || outWriteHandle == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         int readHandle = -1;
         int writeHandle = -1;
-        if (Ipc::CreateStreamHandlePair(capacity, readHandle, writeHandle) < 0) return -1;
+        if (Ipc::CreateStreamHandlePair(capacity, readHandle, writeHandle) < 0) return GenericFailure;
 
         *outReadHandle = readHandle;
         *outWriteHandle = writeHandle;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int Sys_StreamRead(int handle, uint8_t* buffer, int maxLen) {
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int Sys_MailboxCreate(int* outSendHandle, int* outRecvHandle) {
-        if (outSendHandle == nullptr || outRecvHandle == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (outSendHandle == nullptr || outRecvHandle == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         int sendHandle = -1;
         int recvHandle = -1;
-        if (Ipc::CreateMailboxHandlePair(sendHandle, recvHandle) < 0) return -1;
+        if (Ipc::CreateMailboxHandlePair(sendHandle, recvHandle) < 0) return GenericFailure;
 
         *outSendHandle = sendHandle;
         *outRecvHandle = recvHandle;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int Sys_MailboxSend(int handle, uint32_t msgType, const void* data, uint16_t len, int attachHandle) {

kernel/src/Api/LibSyscall.hpp

@@ -115,15 +115,15 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     // Decrements refcount; actually unmaps when refcount reaches 0.
     inline int Sys_UnloadLib(uint64_t handle) {
         int slot = GetCurrentSlot();
-        if (slot < 0) return -1;
+        if (slot < 0) return GenericFailure;
 
         int libSlot = (int)handle - 1;
-        if (libSlot < 0 || libSlot >= MaxLibsPerProcess) return -1;
+        if (libSlot < 0 || libSlot >= MaxLibsPerProcess) return InvalidArgument;
 
         g_libLocks[slot].Acquire();
         if (!g_libTable[slot][libSlot].inUse) {
             g_libLocks[slot].Release();
-            return -1;
+            return InvalidArgument;
         }
 
         g_libTable[slot][libSlot].refcount--;
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         }
 
         g_libLocks[slot].Release();
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     // Resolve a symbol in a loaded library.

kernel/src/Api/Net.hpp

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     // wired and wireless status apart: the IP configuration is global, so the
     // only way to say which interface owns it is `active`.
     static int Sys_NetIfs(NetIfInfo* out, int maxCount) {
-        if (out == nullptr || maxCount <= 0) return -1;
+        if (out == nullptr || maxCount <= 0) return InvalidArgument;
 
         const auto* active = ::Net::NetIf::Active();
         int count = ::Net::NetIf::Count();
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int Sys_SetNetCfg(const NetCfg* in) {
-        if (in == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (in == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         Net::SetIpAddress(in->ipAddress);
         Net::SetSubnetMask(in->subnetMask);
         Net::SetGateway(in->gateway);
         Net::SetDnsServer(in->dnsServer);
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     // ---- DNS resolve ----

kernel/src/Api/Power.hpp

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         Kt::KernelLogStream(Kt::INFO, "Power") << "pid " << kcp::dec
             << (uint64_t)Sched::GetCurrentPid()
             << " posted graceful power request " << (uint64_t)action;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static void Sys_Reset() {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int64_t Sys_Suspend() {
         if (!Hal::AcpiSleep::IsS3Available()) {
-            return -1; // S3 not supported
+            return UnsupportedOp; // S3 not supported
         }
         return (int64_t)Hal::AcpiSleep::Suspend();
     }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static int64_t Sys_PowerInfo(PowerInfo* out) {
         Hal::CpuPower::Snapshot s{};
         if (!Hal::CpuPower::GetSnapshot(s)) {
-            return -1;
+            return NoDevice;
         }
 
         out->hwpActive   = s.HwpActive ? 1 : 0;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         out->maxMHz      = s.MaxMHz;
         out->effMHz      = s.EffMHz;
         out->apIdleHint  = Hal::CpuIdle::GetApIdleHint();
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     // SYS_BATTERYINFO. Fills a battery snapshot. Returns -1 on a machine with
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static int64_t Sys_BatteryInfo(BatteryInfo* out) {
         Hal::Battery::Status s{};
         if (!Hal::Battery::GetStatus(s)) {
-            return -1;
+            return NoDevice;
         }
 
         out->present            = s.Present ? 1 : 0;
@@ -139,6 +139,6 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         out->presentRate        = s.PresentRate;
         out->voltageMv          = s.VoltageMv;
         out->minutesRemaining   = s.MinutesRemaining;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 };

kernel/src/Api/Process.hpp

@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     // stream, whether or not it also carries a capability grant.  The child is
     // created suspended (startReady == false) so its first instruction cannot
     // run before the channels exist, and is started here once they do.
-    // Returns childPid, or kills the child and returns -1 on failure.
+    // Returns childPid, or kills the child and returns GenericFailure.
     static int InheritRedirection(int childPid, Sched::Process* parent, int parentSlot) {
         auto* child = Sched::GetProcessByPid(childPid);
         int childSlot = Ipc::SlotForPid(childPid);
         if (child == nullptr || childSlot < 0 || parentSlot < 0) {
             Sched::KillProcess(childPid);
-            return -1;
+            return GenericFailure;
         }
 
         child->ioOutHandle = DuplicateHandleBetweenSlots(parentSlot, parent->ioOutHandle, childSlot);
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         if (child->ioOutHandle < 0 || child->ioInHandle < 0 || child->ioKeyHandle < 0 ||
             !ConfigureRedirWaitsetForSlot(childSlot, child)) {
             Sched::KillProcess(childPid);
-            return -1;
+            return GenericFailure;
         }
 
         child->redirected = true;
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         child->termRows = parent->termRows;
         if (Sched::StartProcess(childPid) < 0) {
             Sched::KillProcess(childPid);
-            return -1;
+            return GenericFailure;
         }
 
         return childPid;
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static int Sys_Spawn(const char* path, const char* args,
                          const char* environment = nullptr, uint32_t environmentLength = 0) {
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
 
         auto* parent = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
         int parentSlot = Ipc::CurrentSlot();
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static int Sys_SpawnCaps(const char* path, const char* args,
                              const char* user, const SpawnCapabilities* requested) {
         auto* parent = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (parent == nullptr || requested == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (parent == nullptr || requested == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         // Snapshot all security-sensitive userspace inputs before evaluating
         // them.  This prevents another thread from changing a mask or owner
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         const char* userOverride = nullptr;
         if (user != nullptr) {
             if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_USER_ADMIN))
-                return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                return CapabilityDenied;
             int i = 0;
             for (; i < 31 && user[i]; i++) childUser[i] = user[i];
             childUser[i] = '\0';
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         // possessing a capability is insufficient to pass it: the parent must
         // also hold it in its delegable set.
         if (!ValidCapabilityDelegation(copy, parent->delegableCaps)) {
-            return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+            return CapabilityDenied;
         }
 
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
 
         int parentSlot = Ipc::CurrentSlot();
         bool inheritRedirection = parent->redirected;
@@ -143,16 +143,16 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     // The calling process's own capability masks.
     static int Sys_GetCaps(SpawnCapabilities* out) {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr || out == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr || out == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         out->effective = proc->effectiveCaps;
         out->delegable = proc->delegableCaps;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     // Copy the absolute path this process was spawned from (argv[0]).
     static int Sys_GetExecPath(char* buf, uint64_t maxLen) {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return InvalidArgument;
         int i = 0;
         for (; i < (int)maxLen - 1 && proc->name[i]; i++) {
             buf[i] = proc->name[i];
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int Sys_GetArgs(char* buf, uint64_t maxLen) {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return InvalidArgument;
         int i = 0;
         for (; i < (int)maxLen - 1 && proc->args[i]; i++) {
             buf[i] = proc->args[i];
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int Sys_GetEnviron(char* buf, uint64_t maxLen) {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return -1;
-        if (maxLen < proc->environmentLength) return -2;
+        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (maxLen < proc->environmentLength) return BufferTooSmall;
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < proc->environmentLength; i++)
             buf[i] = proc->environment[i];
         return (int)proc->environmentLength;
@@ -184,10 +184,10 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static int Sys_SetEnviron(const char* buf, uint64_t len) {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
         if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || len == 0 ||
-            len > Sched::Process::EnvironmentBytes || buf[len - 1] != '\0') return -1;
+            len > Sched::Process::EnvironmentBytes || buf[len - 1] != '\0') return InvalidArgument;
         for (uint64_t i = 0; i < len; i++) proc->environment[i] = buf[i];
         proc->environmentLength = (uint32_t)len;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int Sys_ProcList(ProcInfo* buf, int maxCount) {
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                 }
                 ancestor = target->parentPid;
             }
-            if (!descendant) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+            if (!descendant) return PermissionDenied;
         }
         return Sched::KillProcess(pid);
     }
@@ -247,19 +247,19 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int Sys_SetUser(int pid, const char* name) {
-        if (name == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (name == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         auto* target = Sched::GetProcessByPid(pid);
-        if (target == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (target == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         int i = 0;
         for (; i < 31 && name[i]; i++)
             target->user[i] = name[i];
         target->user[i] = '\0';
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int Sys_GetUser(char* buf, uint64_t maxLen) {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return InvalidArgument;
         int i = 0;
         for (; i < (int)maxLen - 1 && proc->user[i]; i++)
             buf[i] = proc->user[i];
@@ -269,15 +269,15 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int Sys_GetCwd(char* buf, uint64_t maxLen) {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr || buf == nullptr || maxLen == 0) return InvalidArgument;
 
         const char* cwd = proc->cwd[0] ? proc->cwd : "0:/";
         uint64_t cwdLen = 0;
         while (cwd[cwdLen] != '\0') cwdLen++;
 
-        // Reserve -1 for non-size failures so libc can distinguish them
-        // from a buffer that can be retried with a larger allocation.
-        if (maxLen <= cwdLen) return -2;
+        // BufferTooSmall tells libc the call can be retried with a larger
+        // allocation (ERANGE), unlike the other failures.
+        if (maxLen <= cwdLen) return BufferTooSmall;
 
         for (uint64_t i = 0; i <= cwdLen; i++) buf[i] = cwd[i];
         return (int)cwdLen;
@@ -304,10 +304,10 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int Sys_Chdir(const char* path) {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr || path == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr || path == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         char resolved[256];
-        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return -1;
+        if (!ResolveProcessPath(path, resolved, sizeof(resolved))) return InvalidArgument;
 
         // ReadDir doubles as the directory-existence probe: it fails
         // for nonexistent paths and for regular files (directories are
@@ -315,12 +315,12 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         // would reject every valid target).
         {
             const char* entries[1];
-            if (Fs::Vfs::VfsReadDir(resolved, entries, 1) < 0) return -1;
+            if (Fs::Vfs::VfsReadDir(resolved, entries, 1) < 0) return NoSuchPath;
         }
 
         int i = 0;
         for (; i < 255 && resolved[i]; i++) proc->cwd[i] = resolved[i];
         proc->cwd[i] = '\0';
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 };

kernel/src/Api/Storage.hpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     // Fill a user buffer with partition info. Returns the number of entries written.
     static int Sys_PartList(PartInfo* buf, int maxCount) {
         if (buf == nullptr || maxCount <= 0) return 0;
-        if (!UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buf, (uint64_t)maxCount * sizeof(PartInfo), true)) return -1;
+        if (!UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buf, (uint64_t)maxCount * sizeof(PartInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
 
         int total = Drivers::Storage::Gpt::GetPartitionCount();
         int count = total < maxCount ? total : maxCount;
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     // Fill a user buffer with one entry per mounted volume. Returns the number
-    // of entries written, or -1 for a bad buffer.
+    // of entries written, or BadPointer for a bad buffer.
     static int Sys_VolInfo(VolInfo* buf, int maxCount) {
         if (buf == nullptr || maxCount <= 0) return 0;
-        if (!UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buf, (uint64_t)maxCount * sizeof(VolInfo), true)) return -1;
+        if (!UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buf, (uint64_t)maxCount * sizeof(VolInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
 
         int drives[Fs::Vfs::MaxDrives];
         int n = Fs::Vfs::VfsDriveList(drives, Fs::Vfs::MaxDrives);
@@ -99,47 +99,47 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         return n;
     }
 
-    // Read sectors from a block device. Returns bytes read, or -1 on error.
+    // Read sectors from a block device. Returns bytes read, or a status code.
     static int64_t Sys_DiskRead(int blockDev, uint64_t lba, uint32_t count, void* buffer) {
-        if (buffer == nullptr || count == 0) return -1;
-        if (count > 128) return -1; // same limit as AHCI
+        if (buffer == nullptr || count == 0) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (count > 128) return InvalidArgument; // same limit as AHCI
 
         auto* dev = Drivers::Storage::GetBlockDevice(blockDev);
-        if (!dev) return -1;
+        if (!dev) return NoDevice;
 
-        if (lba >= dev->SectorCount || count > dev->SectorCount - lba) return -1;
-        if (!UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buffer, (uint64_t)count * dev->SectorSize, true)) return -1;
+        if (lba >= dev->SectorCount || count > dev->SectorCount - lba) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buffer, (uint64_t)count * dev->SectorSize, true)) return BadPointer;
 
-        if (!dev->ReadSectors(dev->Ctx, lba, count, buffer)) return -1;
+        if (!dev->ReadSectors(dev->Ctx, lba, count, buffer)) return IoFailure;
 
         return (int64_t)(count * dev->SectorSize);
     }
 
-    // Write sectors to a block device. Returns bytes written, or -1 on error.
+    // Write sectors to a block device. Returns bytes written, or a status code.
     static int64_t Sys_DiskWrite(int blockDev, uint64_t lba, uint32_t count, const void* buffer) {
-        if (buffer == nullptr || count == 0) return -1;
-        if (count > 128) return -1;
+        if (buffer == nullptr || count == 0) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (count > 128) return InvalidArgument;
 
         auto* dev = Drivers::Storage::GetBlockDevice(blockDev);
-        if (!dev) return -1;
+        if (!dev) return NoDevice;
 
-        if (lba >= dev->SectorCount || count > dev->SectorCount - lba) return -1;
-        if (!UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buffer, (uint64_t)count * dev->SectorSize, false)) return -1;
+        if (lba >= dev->SectorCount || count > dev->SectorCount - lba) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (!UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buffer, (uint64_t)count * dev->SectorSize, false)) return BadPointer;
 
-        if (!dev->WriteSectors(dev->Ctx, lba, count, buffer)) return -1;
+        if (!dev->WriteSectors(dev->Ctx, lba, count, buffer)) return IoFailure;
 
         return (int64_t)(count * dev->SectorSize);
     }
 
-    // Initialize a new GPT on a block device. Returns 0 on success, -1 on error.
+    // Initialize a new GPT on a block device. Returns 0 on success, GenericFailure on error.
     static int64_t Sys_GptInit(int blockDev) {
         Fs::FsProbe::UnmountPartitionsForBlockDevice(blockDev);
         return (int64_t)Drivers::Storage::Gpt::InitializeGpt(blockDev);
     }
 
-    // Add a partition to an existing GPT. Returns partition index on success, -1 on error.
+    // Add a partition to an existing GPT. Returns partition index on success, GenericFailure on error.
     static int64_t Sys_GptAdd(const GptAddParams* params) {
-        if (params == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (params == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         Drivers::Storage::Gpt::Guid typeGuid;
         __builtin_memcpy(&typeGuid, &params->typeGuid, sizeof(typeGuid));
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             typeGuid, params->name);
     }
 
-    // Mount a partition as a VFS drive. Returns 0 on success, -1 on error.
+    // Mount a partition as a VFS drive. Returns 0 on success, GenericFailure on error.
     static int64_t Sys_FsMount(int partIndex, int driveNum) {
         return (int64_t)Fs::FsProbe::MountPartition(partIndex, driveNum);
     }
@@ -163,12 +163,12 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         return (int64_t)Fs::FsProbe::SyncAndUnmountAll();
     }
 
-    // Format a partition with a filesystem. Returns 0 on success, -1 on error.
+    // Format a partition with a filesystem. Returns 0 on success, GenericFailure on error.
     static int64_t Sys_FsFormat(const FsFormatParams* params) {
-        if (params == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (params == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         auto* part = Drivers::Storage::Gpt::GetPartition(params->partIndex);
-        if (!part) return -1;
+        if (!part) return InvalidArgument;
 
         switch (params->fsType) {
         case FS_TYPE_FAT32:
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                 part->BlockDevIndex, part->StartLba, part->SectorCount,
                 params->label[0] ? params->label : nullptr);
         default:
-            return -1; // unknown filesystem type
+            return UnsupportedOp; // unknown filesystem type
         }
     }
 

kernel/src/Api/Syscall.cpp

@@ -62,54 +62,54 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         switch (frame->syscall_nr) {
             case SYS_EXIT: {
                 Sys_Exit((int)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             }
             case SYS_YIELD:
                 Sys_Yield();
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_SLEEP_MS:
                 Sys_SleepMs(frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_GETPID:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_GetPid();
             case SYS_PRINT:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPrintableStringBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPrintableStringBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 Sys_Print((const char*)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_PUTCHAR:
                 Sys_Putchar((char)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_OPEN:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Open((const char*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_READ:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg4, true)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg4, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Read((int)frame->arg1, (uint8_t*)frame->arg2,
                                          frame->arg3, frame->arg4);
             case SYS_GETSIZE:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_GetSize((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_CLOSE:
                 Sys_Close((int)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_READDIR:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2,
                                        (uint64_t)((frame->arg3 > 256) ? 256 : frame->arg3) * sizeof(const char*),
                                        true)) {
-                    return -1;
+                    return BadPointer;
                 }
                 return (int64_t)Sys_ReadDir((const char*)frame->arg1,
                                             (const char**)frame->arg2,
                                             (int)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_READDIR_AT:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return -1;
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg4 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg4 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2,
                                        (uint64_t)((frame->arg3 > 256) ? 256 : frame->arg3) * sizeof(const char*),
                                        true)) {
-                    return -1;
+                    return BadPointer;
                 }
                 return (int64_t)Sys_ReadDirAt((const char*)frame->arg1,
                                               (const char**)frame->arg2,
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                 return (int64_t)Sys_AllocEager(frame->arg1);
             case SYS_FREE:
                 Sys_Free(frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_MMAP_ANON:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_MapAnonymous(frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_MUNMAP:
@@ -133,15 +133,15 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             case SYS_GETMILLISECONDS:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_GetMilliseconds();
             case SYS_GETINFO:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<SysInfo>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<SysInfo>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 Sys_GetInfo((SysInfo*)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_ISKEYAVAILABLE:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_IsKeyAvailable();
             case SYS_GETKEY:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<KeyEvent>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<KeyEvent>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 Sys_GetKey((KeyEvent*)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_GETCHAR:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_GetChar();
             case SYS_GETCHAR_NB:
@@ -149,73 +149,75 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             case SYS_PING:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Ping((uint32_t)frame->arg1, (uint32_t)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_SPAWN:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
-                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Spawn((const char*)frame->arg1,
                                           UserMemory::IsUserPtr(frame->arg2) ? (const char*)frame->arg2 : nullptr);
             case SYS_SPAWN_CAPS:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
-                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return -1;
-                if (frame->arg3 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg3, 32)) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Readable<SpawnCapabilities>(frame->arg4)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (frame->arg3 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg3, 32)) return BadPointer;
+                if (!UserMemory::Readable<SpawnCapabilities>(frame->arg4)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_SpawnCaps(
                     (const char*)frame->arg1,
                     frame->arg2 ? (const char*)frame->arg2 : nullptr,
                     frame->arg3 ? (const char*)frame->arg3 : nullptr,
                     (const SpawnCapabilities*)frame->arg4);
             case SYS_SPAWN_ENV:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
-                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return -1;
-                if (frame->arg3 == 0 || frame->arg4 == 0 ||
-                    frame->arg4 > Sched::Process::EnvironmentBytes ||
-                    !UserMemory::Range(frame->arg3, frame->arg4, false) ||
-                    ((const char*)frame->arg3)[frame->arg4 - 1] != '\0') return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (frame->arg4 == 0 || frame->arg4 > Sched::Process::EnvironmentBytes)
+                    return InvalidArgument;
+                if (frame->arg3 == 0 || !UserMemory::Range(frame->arg3, frame->arg4, false))
+                    return BadPointer;
+                if (((const char*)frame->arg3)[frame->arg4 - 1] != '\0') return InvalidArgument;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Spawn((const char*)frame->arg1,
                                           UserMemory::IsUserPtr(frame->arg2) ? (const char*)frame->arg2 : nullptr,
                                           (const char*)frame->arg3, (uint32_t)frame->arg4);
             case SYS_WAITPID:
                 return Sys_WaitPid((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_GETENVIRON:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_GetEnviron((char*)frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_SETENVIRON:
-                if (frame->arg2 == 0 || frame->arg2 > Sched::Process::EnvironmentBytes ||
-                    !UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, false)) return -1;
+                if (frame->arg2 == 0 || frame->arg2 > Sched::Process::EnvironmentBytes)
+                    return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_SetEnviron((const char*)frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_FBINFO:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<FbInfo>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<FbInfo>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 Sys_FbInfo((FbInfo*)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_FBMAP:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_FbMap();
             case SYS_FBFLIP:
                 return Sys_FbFlip(frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_DISPLAYINFO:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<DisplayInfo>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<DisplayInfo>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_DisplayInfo((DisplayInfo*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_DISPLAYMODES:
                 // The Intel driver publishes at most 32 modes. Bounding this
                 // here also keeps the userspace range calculation overflow-free.
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0 || frame->arg2 > 32) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0 || frame->arg2 > 32) return InvalidArgument;
                 if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1,
-                        (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(DisplayModeInfo), true)) return -1;
+                        (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(DisplayModeInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_DisplayModes((DisplayModeInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_DISPLAYSETMODE:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_DISPLAY_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_DISPLAY_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return Sys_DisplaySetMode((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_DISPLAYBRIGHTNESS:
                 if ((int64_t)frame->arg1 >= 0 &&
-                    !Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_DISPLAY_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                    !Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_DISPLAY_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return Sys_DisplayBrightness((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_GETEXECPATH:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2 ? frame->arg1 : frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2 ? frame->arg1 : frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_GetExecPath((char*)frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_STAT:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<FileStat>(frame->arg2)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<FileStat>(frame->arg2)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Stat((const char*)frame->arg1, (FileStat*)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_UTIME:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Utime((const char*)frame->arg1,
                                           (int64_t)frame->arg2,
                                           (int64_t)frame->arg3,
@@ -223,33 +225,33 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             case SYS_TERMSIZE:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_TermSize();
             case SYS_GETARGS:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_GetArgs((char*)frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_RESET:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_POWER_CONTROL)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_POWER_CONTROL)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 Sys_Reset();
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_SHUTDOWN:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_POWER_CONTROL)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_POWER_CONTROL)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 Sys_Shutdown();
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_POWER_REQUEST:
                 if (frame->arg1 != POWER_REQ_QUERY &&
                     frame->arg1 != POWER_REQ_SHUTDOWN &&
                     frame->arg1 != POWER_REQ_REBOOT &&
-                    frame->arg1 != POWER_REQ_PEEK) return -1;
+                    frame->arg1 != POWER_REQ_PEEK) return InvalidArgument;
                 if (frame->arg1 == POWER_REQ_QUERY) {
-                    if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_POWER_CONTROL)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                    if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_POWER_CONTROL)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 } else if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_POWER_REQUEST)) {
-                    return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                    return CapabilityDenied;
                 }
                 return Sys_PowerRequest((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_GETTIME:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<DateTime>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<DateTime>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 Sys_GetTime((DateTime*)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_SETUNIXTIME:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_SET_TIME)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_SET_TIME)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return Sys_SetUnixTime((int64_t)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_SOCKET:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Socket((int)frame->arg1);
@@ -262,114 +264,114 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             case SYS_ACCEPT:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Accept((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_SEND:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, false)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Send((int)frame->arg1, (const uint8_t*)frame->arg2, (uint32_t)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_RECV:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, true)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Recv((int)frame->arg1, (uint8_t*)frame->arg2, (uint32_t)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_CLOSESOCK:
                 Sys_CloseSock((int)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_GETNETCFG:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<NetCfg>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<NetCfg>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 Sys_GetNetCfg((NetCfg*)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_SETNETCFG:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if (!UserMemory::Readable<NetCfg>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if (!UserMemory::Readable<NetCfg>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_SetNetCfg((const NetCfg*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_NETSTATUS:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<NetStatus>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<NetStatus>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 Sys_NetStatus((NetStatus*)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_SENDTO:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, false)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_SendTo((int)frame->arg1, (const uint8_t*)frame->arg2,
                                            (uint32_t)frame->arg3, (uint32_t)frame->arg4,
                                            (uint16_t)frame->arg5);
             case SYS_RECVFROM:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, true)) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::OptionalRange(frame->arg4, sizeof(uint32_t), true)) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::OptionalRange(frame->arg5, sizeof(uint16_t), true)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, true)) return BadPointer;
+                if (!UserMemory::OptionalRange(frame->arg4, sizeof(uint32_t), true)) return BadPointer;
+                if (!UserMemory::OptionalRange(frame->arg5, sizeof(uint16_t), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_RecvFrom((int)frame->arg1, (uint8_t*)frame->arg2,
                                              (uint32_t)frame->arg3,
                                              UserMemory::IsUserPtr(frame->arg4) ? (uint32_t*)frame->arg4 : nullptr,
                                              UserMemory::IsUserPtr(frame->arg5) ? (uint16_t*)frame->arg5 : nullptr);
             case SYS_FWRITE:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg4, false)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg4, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_FWrite((int)frame->arg1, (const uint8_t*)frame->arg2,
                                            frame->arg3, frame->arg4);
             case SYS_FCREATE:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_FCreate((const char*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_FDELETE:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_FDelete((const char*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_FMKDIR:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_FMkdir((const char*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_FRENAME:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_FRename((const char*)frame->arg1, (const char*)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_DRIVELIST:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(int), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(int), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_DriveList((int*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_DRIVELABEL:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 <= 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 <= 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_DriveLabel((int)frame->arg1, (char*)frame->arg2, (int)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_DRIVEKIND:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_DriveKind((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_TERMSCALE:
                 return Sys_TermScale(frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_RESOLVE:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxHostnameBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxHostnameBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_Resolve((const char*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_GETRANDOM:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_GetRandom((uint8_t*)frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_LOG:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_LOG_READ)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_LOG_READ)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Kt::ReadKernelLogBuffer((char*)frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_MOUSESTATE:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<MouseState>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<MouseState>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 Sys_MouseState((MouseState*)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_SETMOUSEBOUNDS:
                 Sys_SetMouseBounds((int32_t)frame->arg1, (int32_t)frame->arg2);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_SPAWN_REDIR:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
-                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_SpawnRedir((const char*)frame->arg1,
                                                UserMemory::IsUserPtr(frame->arg2) ? (const char*)frame->arg2 : nullptr);
             case SYS_SPAWN_REDIR_CAPS:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
-                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Readable<SpawnCapabilities>(frame->arg3)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxArgsBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (!UserMemory::Readable<SpawnCapabilities>(frame->arg3)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_SpawnRedirCaps(
                     (const char*)frame->arg1,
                     frame->arg2 ? (const char*)frame->arg2 : nullptr,
                     (const SpawnCapabilities*)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_CHILDIO_READ:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, (uint64_t)frame->arg3, true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, (uint64_t)frame->arg3, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_ChildIoRead((int)frame->arg1, (char*)frame->arg2, (int)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_CHILDIO_WRITE:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, (uint64_t)frame->arg3, false)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, (uint64_t)frame->arg3, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_ChildIoWrite((int)frame->arg1, (const char*)frame->arg2, (int)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_CHILDIO_WRITEKEY:
-                if (!UserMemory::Readable<KeyEvent>(frame->arg2)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Readable<KeyEvent>(frame->arg2)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_ChildIoWriteKey((int)frame->arg1, (const KeyEvent*)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_CHILDIO_SETTERMSZ:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_ChildIoSetTermsz((int)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2, (int)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_WINCREATE:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxWindowTitleBytes)) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<WinCreateResult>(frame->arg4)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxWindowTitleBytes)) return BadPointer;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<WinCreateResult>(frame->arg4)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinCreate((const char*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2,
                                               (int)frame->arg3, (WinCreateResult*)frame->arg4);
             case SYS_WINDESTROY:
@@ -377,38 +379,38 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             case SYS_WINPRESENT:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinPresent((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_WINPOLL:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<WinEvent>(frame->arg2)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<WinEvent>(frame->arg2)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinPoll((int)frame->arg1, (WinEvent*)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_WINENUM:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(WinInfo), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(WinInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinEnum((WinInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_WINMAP:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinMap((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_WINUNMAP:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinUnmap((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_WINSENDEVENT:
-                if (!UserMemory::Readable<WinEvent>(frame->arg2)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Readable<WinEvent>(frame->arg2)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinSendEvent((int)frame->arg1, (const WinEvent*)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_WINRESIZE:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinResize((int)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2, (int)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_PROCLIST:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(ProcInfo), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(ProcInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_ProcList((ProcInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_KILL:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_Kill((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_SETSESSION:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_SetSession();
             case SYS_KILLSESSION:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_PROCESS_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_PROCESS_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_KillSession((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_DEVLIST:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(DevInfo), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(DevInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_DevList((DevInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_DISKINFO:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<DiskInfo>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<DiskInfo>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_DiskInfo((DiskInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_WINSETSCALE:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinSetScale((int)frame->arg1);
@@ -419,54 +421,54 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             case SYS_WINSETFLAGS:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WinSetFlags((int)frame->arg1, (uint32_t)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_MEMSTATS:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<MemStats>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<MemStats>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 Sys_MemStats((MemStats*)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_PARTLIST:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(PartInfo), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(PartInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_PartList((PartInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_VOLINFO:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(VolInfo), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(VolInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_VolInfo((VolInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_DISKREAD:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_RAW_STORAGE)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_RAW_STORAGE)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_DiskRead((int)frame->arg1, frame->arg2,
                                              (uint32_t)frame->arg3, (void*)frame->arg4);
             case SYS_DISKWRITE:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_RAW_STORAGE)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_RAW_STORAGE)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_DiskWrite((int)frame->arg1, frame->arg2,
                                               (uint32_t)frame->arg3, (const void*)frame->arg4);
             case SYS_GPTINIT:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_GptInit((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_GPTADD:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if (!UserMemory::Readable<GptAddParams>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if (!UserMemory::Readable<GptAddParams>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_GptAdd((const GptAddParams*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_FSMOUNT:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_FsMount((int)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_FS_SYNC:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return Sys_FsSync();
             case SYS_FSFORMAT:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if (!UserMemory::Readable<FsFormatParams>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if (!UserMemory::Readable<FsFormatParams>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return (int64_t)Sys_FsFormat((const FsFormatParams*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_AUDIOOPEN:
                 return Sys_AudioOpen((uint32_t)frame->arg1, (uint8_t)frame->arg2, (uint8_t)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_AUDIOCLOSE:
                 return Sys_AudioClose((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_AUDIOWRITE:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, false)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, frame->arg3, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_AudioWrite((int)frame->arg1, (const uint8_t*)frame->arg2, (uint32_t)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_AUDIOCTL:
                 return Sys_AudioCtl((int)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2, (int)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_AUDIOLIST:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(AudioStreamInfo), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(AudioStreamInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_AudioList((AudioStreamInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_AUDIOWAIT:
                 return Sys_AudioWait(frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
@@ -507,21 +509,21 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                 return Sys_UsbBulkInRead((int)frame->arg1, (uint8_t*)frame->arg2,
                                          (uint32_t)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_POWERINFO:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<PowerInfo>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<PowerInfo>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_PowerInfo((PowerInfo*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_BATTERYINFO:
                 // Read-only power telemetry, ungated like SYS_POWERINFO: the
                 // panel indicator has to work in an unprivileged session, which
                 // holds no device capability to spend on it.
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<BatteryInfo>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<BatteryInfo>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_BatteryInfo((BatteryInfo*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_GETCAPS:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<SpawnCapabilities>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<SpawnCapabilities>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_GetCaps((SpawnCapabilities*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_CONSENT_REGISTER:
                 return Sched::Consent::Register();
             case SYS_CONSENT_NEXT:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<ConsentRequest>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<ConsentRequest>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sched::Consent::Next((ConsentRequest*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_CONSENT_REPLY:
                 return Sched::Consent::Reply(frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
@@ -529,43 +531,43 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                 return Sys_ThreadSpawn(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, frame->arg3);
             case SYS_THREAD_EXIT:
                 Sys_ThreadExit((int)frame->arg1);
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             case SYS_THREAD_JOIN:
-                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg2)) return -1;
+                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg2)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_ThreadJoin((int)frame->arg1, (int*)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_THREAD_SELF:
                 return Sys_ThreadSelf();
             case SYS_BTSCAN:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(BtScanResult), true)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(BtScanResult), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_BtScan((BtScanResult*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2, (uint32_t)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_BTCONNECT:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, 6, false)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, 6, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_BtConnect((const uint8_t*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_BTDISCONNECT:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, 6, false)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, 6, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_BtDisconnect((const uint8_t*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_BTSETADDR:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, 6, false)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, 6, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_BtSetAddr((const uint8_t*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_BTBONDS:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(BtBondInfo), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(BtBondInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_BtBonds((BtBondInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_BTFORGET:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, 6, false)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, 6, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_BtForget((const uint8_t*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_BTLIST:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(BtDevInfo), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(BtDevInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_BtList((BtDevInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_BTINFO:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<BtAdapterInfo>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<BtAdapterInfo>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_BtInfo((BtAdapterInfo*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_WIFI_SCAN:
                 if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
@@ -596,61 +598,61 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                 if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, 128)) return -1;
                 return Sys_WifiConnectAsync((const char*)frame->arg1, (const char*)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_NETIFS:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(NetIfInfo), true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg2 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, (uint64_t)frame->arg2 * sizeof(NetIfInfo), true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_NetIfs((NetIfInfo*)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_SUSPEND:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_SUSPEND)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_SUSPEND)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return Sys_Suspend();
             case SYS_SETTZ:
-                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_SET_TIME)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+                if (!Sched::Consent::Require(CAP_SET_TIME)) return CapabilityDenied;
                 return Sys_SetTZ((int32_t)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_GETTZ:
                 return Sys_GetTZ();
             case SYS_SETUSER:
-                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_USER_ADMIN)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxUserNameBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_USER_ADMIN)) return CapabilityDenied;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg2, kMaxUserNameBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_SetUser((int)frame->arg1, (const char*)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_GETUSER:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_GetUser((char*)frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_GETCWD:
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_GetCwd((char*)frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_CHDIR:
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxPathBytes)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_Chdir((const char*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_DUPHANDLE:
                 return Sys_DupHandle((int)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_WAIT_HANDLE:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_WaitHandle((int)frame->arg1, (uint32_t)frame->arg2, frame->arg3);
             case SYS_STREAM_CREATE:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg1) || !UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg2)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg1) || !UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg2)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_StreamCreate((int*)frame->arg1, (int*)frame->arg2, (uint32_t)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_STREAM_READ:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, (uint64_t)frame->arg3, true)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, (uint64_t)frame->arg3, true)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_StreamRead((int)frame->arg1, (uint8_t*)frame->arg2, (int)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_STREAM_WRITE:
-                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, (uint64_t)frame->arg3, false)) return -1;
+                if ((int64_t)frame->arg3 < 0) return InvalidArgument;
+                if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg2, (uint64_t)frame->arg3, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_StreamWrite((int)frame->arg1, (const uint8_t*)frame->arg2, (int)frame->arg3);
             case SYS_MAILBOX_CREATE:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg1) || !UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg2)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg1) || !UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg2)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_MailboxCreate((int*)frame->arg1, (int*)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_MAILBOX_SEND:
-                if (frame->arg4 > 0 && !UserMemory::Range(frame->arg3, frame->arg4, false)) return -1;
+                if (frame->arg4 > 0 && !UserMemory::Range(frame->arg3, frame->arg4, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_MailboxSend((int)frame->arg1, (uint32_t)frame->arg2,
                                        (const void*)frame->arg3, (uint16_t)frame->arg4,
                                        (int)frame->arg5);
             case SYS_MAILBOX_RECV:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<uint16_t>(frame->arg4)) return -1;
-                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<uint32_t>(frame->arg2)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<uint16_t>(frame->arg4)) return BadPointer;
+                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<uint32_t>(frame->arg2)) return BadPointer;
                 if (frame->arg3 != 0) {
                     uint16_t maxCopy = *(uint16_t*)frame->arg4;
-                    if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg3, maxCopy, true)) return -1;
+                    if (!UserMemory::Range(frame->arg3, maxCopy, true)) return BadPointer;
                 }
-                if (frame->arg5 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg5)) return -1;
+                if (frame->arg5 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<int>(frame->arg5)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_MailboxRecv((int)frame->arg1,
                                        UserMemory::IsUserPtr(frame->arg2) ? (uint32_t*)frame->arg2 : nullptr,
                                        UserMemory::IsUserPtr(frame->arg3) ? (void*)frame->arg3 : nullptr,
@@ -663,7 +665,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             case SYS_WAITSET_REMOVE:
                 return Sys_WaitsetRemove((int)frame->arg1, (int)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_WAITSET_WAIT:
-                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<IpcWaitResult>(frame->arg2)) return -1;
+                if (frame->arg2 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<IpcWaitResult>(frame->arg2)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_WaitsetWait((int)frame->arg1,
                                        UserMemory::IsUserPtr(frame->arg2) ? (IpcWaitResult*)frame->arg2 : nullptr,
                                        frame->arg3);
@@ -685,18 +687,18 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             case SYS_GETLIBBASE:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_GetLibBase(frame->arg1);
             case SYS_CRASH_REPORT:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<CrashReportInfo>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<CrashReportInfo>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_CrashReport((CrashReportInfo*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_CLIPBOARD_SET_TEXT:
-                if (frame->arg2 > 0 && !UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, false)) return -1;
+                if (frame->arg2 > 0 && !UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, false)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_ClipboardSetText((const char*)frame->arg1, (uint32_t)frame->arg2);
             case SYS_CLIPBOARD_GET_INFO:
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<ClipboardInfo>(frame->arg1)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<ClipboardInfo>(frame->arg1)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_ClipboardGetInfo((ClipboardInfo*)frame->arg1);
             case SYS_CLIPBOARD_GET_TEXT:
-                if (frame->arg2 > 0 && !UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return -1;
-                if (!UserMemory::Writable<uint32_t>(frame->arg3)) return -1;
-                if (frame->arg4 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<uint64_t>(frame->arg4)) return -1;
+                if (frame->arg2 > 0 && !UserMemory::Range(frame->arg1, frame->arg2, true)) return BadPointer;
+                if (!UserMemory::Writable<uint32_t>(frame->arg3)) return BadPointer;
+                if (frame->arg4 != 0 && !UserMemory::Writable<uint64_t>(frame->arg4)) return BadPointer;
                 return Sys_ClipboardGetText(UserMemory::IsUserPtr(frame->arg1) ? (char*)frame->arg1 : nullptr,
                                            (uint32_t)frame->arg2,
                                            (uint32_t*)frame->arg3,
@@ -706,7 +708,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
             case SYS_INPUT_WAIT:
                 return (int64_t)Sys_InputWait(frame->arg1, frame->arg2);
             case SYS_LOG_WRITE: {
-                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxUserspaceLogEntryBytes)) return -1;
+                if (!UserMemory::String(frame->arg1, kMaxUserspaceLogEntryBytes)) return BadPointer;
 
                 auto* process = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
                 const char* username = process != nullptr && process->user[0] != '\0'
@@ -719,12 +721,12 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
                 Kt::UserspaceLogStream(imageName, username)
                     << (const char*)frame->arg1;
 
-                return 0;
+                return Success;
             }
             case SYS_TERMINAL_ATTACHED:
                 return Sys_TerminalAttached();
             default:
-                return -1;
+                return BadInvocation;
         }
     }
 

kernel/src/Api/Syscall.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <Common/StatusCodes.hpp>
 
 namespace montauk::abi {
 
@@ -399,6 +400,9 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static_assert((CAP_ADMIN_SESSION & CAP_COMPOSITOR) == 0,
                   "a session must not delegate the compositor's authority; "
                   "login grants it to the desktop directly");
+    // Capability denial for the Wi-Fi and USB syscalls only, which keep their
+    // own WIFI_ERR_* / USB_ERR_* spaces; everything else returns
+    // CapabilityDenied from StatusCodes.
     static constexpr int SYS_ERR_PERMISSION = -13;
 
     // A process holds two independent sets: what it may use (effective) and

kernel/src/Api/Time.hpp

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int64_t Sys_SetTZ(int32_t offsetMinutes) {
         Timekeeping::SetTZOffset(offsetMinutes);
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_GetTZ() {
@@ -40,6 +40,6 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int64_t Sys_SetUnixTime(int64_t unixSeconds) {
-        return Timekeeping::SetUnixTimestamp(unixSeconds) ? 0 : -1;
+        return Timekeeping::SetUnixTimestamp(unixSeconds) ? Success : InvalidArgument;
     }
 };

kernel/src/Api/WinServer.cpp

@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ namespace WinServer {
     }
 
     static int UnmapRetiredSnapshotsLocked(int windowId, int callerPid, uint64_t callerPml4) {
-        int result = -1;
+        int result = InvalidArgument;
         for (int i = 0; i < MaxRetiredSnapshots; i++) {
             if (!g_retiredSnapshots[i].used || g_retiredSnapshots[i].windowId != windowId) continue;
 
             if (g_retiredSnapshots[i].surface != nullptr) {
                 if (Ipc::UnmapSurfaceForPid(g_retiredSnapshots[i].surface, callerPid, callerPml4) == 0) {
-                    result = 0;
+                    result = Success;
                 }
                 Ipc::ReleaseSurface(g_retiredSnapshots[i].surface);
             }
@@ -95,21 +95,22 @@ namespace WinServer {
     }
 
     static int SendEventLocked(int windowId, const montauk::abi::WinEvent* event) {
-        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows || event == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows || event == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         WindowSlot& slot = g_slots[windowId];
-        if (!slot.used || slot.eventMailbox == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (!slot.used || slot.eventMailbox == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         int rc = (event->type == 1)
             ? Ipc::MailboxSendCoalescedMouse(slot.eventMailbox, 0, event, sizeof(*event))
             : Ipc::MailboxSend(slot.eventMailbox, 0, event, sizeof(*event));
-        return rc > 0 ? 0 : -1;
+        if (rc < 0) return GenericFailure;
+        return rc > 0 ? Success : Busy;
     }
 
     int Create(int ownerPid, uint64_t ownerPml4, const char* title, int w, int h,
                uint64_t& heapNext, uint64_t& outVa) {
         WsGuard guard;
 
-        if (w <= 0 || h <= 0 || w > 16384 || h > 16384) return -1;
+        if (w <= 0 || h <= 0 || w > 16384 || h > 16384) return InvalidArgument;
 
         int slotIdx = -1;
         for (int i = 0; i < MaxWindows; i++) {
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ namespace WinServer {
                 break;
             }
         }
-        if (slotIdx < 0) return -1;
+        if (slotIdx < 0) return GenericFailure;
 
         uint64_t bufSize = (uint64_t)w * (uint64_t)h * 4ULL;
         Ipc::Surface* live = Ipc::CreateSurface(bufSize);
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ namespace WinServer {
             if (live != nullptr) Ipc::ReleaseSurface(live);
             if (snapshot != nullptr) Ipc::ReleaseSurface(snapshot);
             if (mailbox != nullptr) Ipc::ReleaseMailbox(mailbox, false, false);
-            return -1;
+            return OutOfMemory;
         }
 
         Ipc::RetainSurface(live);
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ namespace WinServer {
             Ipc::ReleaseMailbox(mailbox, true, true);
             Ipc::ReleaseSurface(snapshot);
             Ipc::ReleaseSurface(live);
-            return -1;
+            return GenericFailure;
         }
 
         WindowSlot& slot = g_slots[slotIdx];
@@ -176,40 +177,41 @@ namespace WinServer {
 
     int Destroy(int windowId, int callerPid) {
         WsGuard guard;
-        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return -1;
+        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return InvalidArgument;
 
         WindowSlot& slot = g_slots[windowId];
-        if (!slot.used || slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return -1;
+        if (!slot.used) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return PermissionDenied;
 
         ReleaseSlotResourcesLocked(slot, true);
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     int Present(int windowId, int callerPid) {
         WsGuard guard;
-        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return -1;
+        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return InvalidArgument;
 
         WindowSlot& slot = g_slots[windowId];
-        if (!slot.used || slot.ownerPid != callerPid ||
-            slot.liveSurface == nullptr || slot.snapshotSurface == nullptr) {
-            return -1;
-        }
+        if (!slot.used || slot.liveSurface == nullptr || slot.snapshotSurface == nullptr)
+            return InvalidArgument;
+        if (slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return PermissionDenied;
 
-        if (Ipc::CopySurface(slot.snapshotSurface, slot.liveSurface) != 0) return -1;
+        if (Ipc::CopySurface(slot.snapshotSurface, slot.liveSurface) != 0) return GenericFailure;
         slot.dirty = true;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     int Poll(int windowId, int callerPid, montauk::abi::WinEvent* outEvent) {
         WsGuard guard;
-        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows || outEvent == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows || outEvent == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
 
         WindowSlot& slot = g_slots[windowId];
-        if (!slot.used || slot.ownerPid != callerPid || slot.eventMailbox == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (!slot.used || slot.eventMailbox == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return PermissionDenied;
 
         uint16_t len = sizeof(*outEvent);
         int rc = Ipc::MailboxRecv(slot.eventMailbox, nullptr, outEvent, &len, true);
-        if (rc < 0) return -1;
+        if (rc < 0) return GenericFailure;
         return rc > 0 ? 1 : 0;
     }
 
@@ -259,7 +261,7 @@ namespace WinServer {
         if (!slot.used || slot.snapshotSurface == nullptr) return result;
 
         int current = Ipc::UnmapSurfaceForPid(slot.snapshotSurface, callerPid, callerPml4);
-        if (current == 0) return 0;
+        if (current == 0) return Success;
         return result;
     }
 
@@ -271,14 +273,15 @@ namespace WinServer {
     int Resize(int windowId, int callerPid, uint64_t ownerPml4, int newW, int newH,
                uint64_t& heapNext, uint64_t& outVa) {
         WsGuard guard;
-        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return -1;
+        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return InvalidArgument;
 
         WindowSlot& slot = g_slots[windowId];
-        if (!slot.used || slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return -1;
-        if (newW <= 0 || newH <= 0 || newW > 16384 || newH > 16384) return -1;
+        if (!slot.used) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return PermissionDenied;
+        if (newW <= 0 || newH <= 0 || newW > 16384 || newH > 16384) return InvalidArgument;
         if (newW == slot.width && newH == slot.height) {
             outVa = slot.ownerVa;
-            return 0;
+            return Success;
         }
 
         uint64_t bufSize = (uint64_t)newW * (uint64_t)newH * 4ULL;
@@ -287,7 +290,7 @@ namespace WinServer {
         if (newLive == nullptr || newSnapshot == nullptr) {
             if (newLive != nullptr) Ipc::ReleaseSurface(newLive);
             if (newSnapshot != nullptr) Ipc::ReleaseSurface(newSnapshot);
-            return -1;
+            return OutOfMemory;
         }
 
         Ipc::RetainSurface(newLive);
@@ -297,7 +300,7 @@ namespace WinServer {
         if (Ipc::MapSurfaceForPid(newLive, callerPid, ownerPml4, heapNext, newOwnerVa, false) != 0) {
             Ipc::ReleaseSurface(newSnapshot);
             Ipc::ReleaseSurface(newLive);
-            return -1;
+            return GenericFailure;
         }
 
         if (slot.liveSurface != nullptr) {
@@ -327,27 +330,29 @@ namespace WinServer {
         slot.dirty = true;
 
         outVa = newOwnerVa;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     int SetCursor(int windowId, int callerPid, int cursor) {
         WsGuard guard;
-        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return -1;
+        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return InvalidArgument;
 
         WindowSlot& slot = g_slots[windowId];
-        if (!slot.used || slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return -1;
+        if (!slot.used) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return PermissionDenied;
         slot.cursor = (uint8_t)cursor;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     int SetFlags(int windowId, int callerPid, uint32_t flags) {
         WsGuard guard;
-        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return -1;
+        if (windowId < 0 || windowId >= MaxWindows) return InvalidArgument;
 
         WindowSlot& slot = g_slots[windowId];
-        if (!slot.used || slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return -1;
+        if (!slot.used) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (slot.ownerPid != callerPid) return PermissionDenied;
         slot.flags = flags & montauk::abi::WIN_FLAG_FULLSCREEN;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     int SetScale(int scale) {
@@ -364,7 +369,7 @@ namespace WinServer {
                 SendEventLocked(i, &ev);
             }
         }
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     int GetScale() {

kernel/src/Api/Window.hpp

@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@
 namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int Sys_WinCreate(const char* title, int w, int h, WinCreateResult* result) {
-        if (result == nullptr || title == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (result == nullptr || title == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr) return GenericFailure;
 
         uint64_t outVa = 0;
         int id = WinServer::Create(proc->pid, proc->pml4Phys, title, w, h,
                                    proc->heapNext, outVa);
         result->id = id;
         result->pixelVa = (id >= 0) ? outVa : 0;
-        return id >= 0 ? 0 : -1;
+        return id >= 0 ? Success : id;
     }
 
     static int Sys_WinDestroy(int windowId) {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     }
 
     static int Sys_WinPoll(int windowId, WinEvent* outEvent) {
-        if (outEvent == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (outEvent == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         return WinServer::Poll(windowId, Sched::GetCurrentPid(), outEvent);
     }
 
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static int Sys_WinUnmap(int windowId) {
         auto* proc = Sched::GetCurrentProcessPtr();
-        if (proc == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (proc == nullptr) return GenericFailure;
         return WinServer::Unmap(windowId, proc->pid, proc->pml4Phys);
     }
 
     static int Sys_WinSendEvent(int windowId, const WinEvent* event) {
-        if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_COMPOSITOR)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
-        if (event == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (!Sched::HasCapability(CAP_COMPOSITOR)) return CapabilityDenied;
+        if (event == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         return WinServer::SendEvent(windowId, event);
     }
 

kernel/src/Common/StatusCodes.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+    * StatusCodes.hpp
+    * MontaukOS system status codes.
+    * Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Hammer
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+// Syscall return status. Mirrored for userspace in
+// programs/include/montauk/statuscodes.h and, as MTK_STATUS_*, in
+// programs/include/libc/montauk.h; scripts/montauk-syscalls.py checks all three.
+enum StatusCodes {
+    Success = 0,
+    GenericFailure = -1,
+    PermissionDenied = -2,
+    CapabilityDenied = -3,
+    SystemIntegrityError = -4,
+    BadPointer = -5,
+    InvalidArgument = -6,
+    UnsupportedOp = -7,
+    NoDevice = -8,
+    IoFailure = -9,
+    BadInvocation = -10,
+    NoSuchPath = -11,
+    Busy = -12,
+    BufferTooSmall = -13,
+    OutOfMemory = -14
+};

kernel/src/Ipc/Ipc.cpp

@@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ namespace Ipc {
         uint64_t writeCapability = Fs::RequiredFileWriteCapability(path);
         if (create && writeCapability != 0 &&
             !Sched::HasCapability(writeCapability)) {
-            return montauk::abi::SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+            return SystemIntegrityError;
         }
 
         Fs::Vfs::BackendFile backend = {-1, -1, 0};
@@ -1207,15 +1207,16 @@ namespace Ipc {
 
     int FileWriteHandle(int handle, const uint8_t* buffer, uint64_t offset, uint64_t size) {
         if (buffer == nullptr) return -1;
-        if (size > 0 && !montauk::abi::UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buffer, size, false)) return -1;
+        if (size > 0 && !montauk::abi::UserMemory::Range((uint64_t)buffer, size, false)) return BadPointer;
 
         HandleSnapshot snapshot;
-        if (!snapshot.Capture(CurrentSlot(), handle)) return -1;
-        if (snapshot.type != HandleType::File || (snapshot.rights & RightWrite) == 0) return -1;
+        if (!snapshot.Capture(CurrentSlot(), handle)) return InvalidArgument;
+        if (snapshot.type != HandleType::File) return InvalidArgument;
+        if ((snapshot.rights & RightWrite) == 0) return PermissionDenied;
         File* file = (File*)snapshot.object;
         if (file->writeCapability != 0 &&
             !Sched::HasCapability(file->writeCapability)) {
-            return montauk::abi::SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+            return SystemIntegrityError;
         }
         return Fs::Vfs::WriteBackendFile(file->backend, buffer, offset, size);
     }

kernel/src/Sched/Consent.cpp

@@ -161,25 +161,25 @@ namespace Sched::Consent {
     }
 
     int Register() {
-        if (!HasCapability(CAP_COMPOSITOR)) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+        if (!HasCapability(CAP_COMPOSITOR)) return CapabilityDenied;
         int pid = GetCurrentPid();
 
         g_lock.Acquire();
         // OnProcessExit clears a dead agent, so a live one is always current.
         if (g_agentPid >= 0 && g_agentPid != pid) {
             g_lock.Release();
-            return -1;
+            return Busy;
         }
         g_agentPid = pid;
         g_lock.Release();
 
         Kt::KernelLogStream(Kt::INFO, "Consent") << "Agent registered: pid " << (uint64_t)pid;
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     int Next(ConsentRequest* out) {
         int agent = GetCurrentPid();
-        if (agent < 0 || agent != g_agentPid) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+        if (agent < 0 || agent != g_agentPid) return PermissionDenied;
 
         ConsentRequest local;
         for (;;) {
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ namespace Sched::Consent {
 
     int Reply(uint64_t id, int decision) {
         int agent = GetCurrentPid();
-        if (agent < 0 || agent != g_agentPid) return SYS_ERR_PERMISSION;
+        if (agent < 0 || agent != g_agentPid) return PermissionDenied;
 
         Request* request = nullptr;
         int pid = -1;
@@ -253,13 +253,13 @@ namespace Sched::Consent {
         }
         g_lock.Release();
 
-        if (request == nullptr) return -1;
+        if (request == nullptr) return InvalidArgument;
         WakeObjectWaiters(request);
 
         Kt::KernelLogStream(Kt::INFO, "Consent") << "pid " << (uint64_t)pid << " "
             << NameOf(capability) << ": "
             << (granted ? "allowed" : (decision == CONSENT_ALLOW ? "allow refused (no longer valid)" : "denied"));
-        return 0;
+        return Success;
     }
 
     void OnProcessExit(int pid) {

programs/include/Api/Syscall.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <montauk/statuscodes.h>
 
 namespace montauk::abi {
 
@@ -312,6 +313,9 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     static_assert((CAP_ADMIN_SESSION & CAP_COMPOSITOR) == 0,
                   "a session must not delegate the compositor's authority; "
                   "login grants it to the desktop directly");
+    // Capability denial for the Wi-Fi and USB syscalls only, which keep their
+    // own WIFI_ERR_* / USB_ERR_* spaces; everything else returns
+    // CapabilityDenied from StatusCodes.
     static constexpr int SYS_ERR_PERMISSION = -13;
 
     // A process holds two independent sets: what it may use (effective) and

programs/include/libc/montauk.h

@@ -219,6 +219,27 @@ extern "C" {
 #define MTK_SYS_CONSENT_REPLY      193
 /* @SYSCALLS-END */
 
+/* Syscall status codes (montauk/statuscodes.h for C++). */
+/* @STATUS-BEGIN
+   Generated from Common/StatusCodes.hpp by scripts/montauk-syscalls.py.
+   Do not edit by hand; run 'make gen-syscalls' to refresh. */
+#define MTK_STATUS_SUCCESS                (0)
+#define MTK_STATUS_GENERIC_FAILURE        (-1)
+#define MTK_STATUS_PERMISSION_DENIED      (-2)
+#define MTK_STATUS_CAPABILITY_DENIED      (-3)
+#define MTK_STATUS_SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_ERROR (-4)
+#define MTK_STATUS_BAD_POINTER            (-5)
+#define MTK_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT       (-6)
+#define MTK_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED_OP         (-7)
+#define MTK_STATUS_NO_DEVICE              (-8)
+#define MTK_STATUS_IO_FAILURE             (-9)
+#define MTK_STATUS_BAD_INVOCATION         (-10)
+#define MTK_STATUS_NO_SUCH_PATH           (-11)
+#define MTK_STATUS_BUSY                   (-12)
+#define MTK_STATUS_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL       (-13)
+#define MTK_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY          (-14)
+/* @STATUS-END */
+
 #define MTK_SOCK_TCP 1
 #define MTK_SOCK_UDP 2
 #define MTK_IPC_SIGNAL_READABLE    (1u << 0)

programs/include/montauk/statuscodes.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+    * statuscodes.h
+    * MontaukOS status codes
+    * Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Hammer
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+// Userspace mirror of kernel/src/Common/StatusCodes.hpp. Also usable from C
+// (the libc includes it), where the enumerators are unqualified.
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+namespace montauk {
+#endif
+
+enum StatusCodes {
+    Success = 0,
+    GenericFailure = -1,
+    PermissionDenied = -2,
+    CapabilityDenied = -3,
+    SystemIntegrityError = -4,
+    BadPointer = -5,
+    InvalidArgument = -6,
+    UnsupportedOp = -7,
+    NoDevice = -8,
+    IoFailure = -9,
+    BadInvocation = -10,
+    NoSuchPath = -11,
+    Busy = -12,
+    BufferTooSmall = -13,
+    OutOfMemory = -14
+};
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif

programs/include/montauk/syscall.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 #include <Api/Syscall.hpp>
+#include <montauk/statuscodes.h>
 
 namespace montauk {
 

programs/lib/libc/libc.c

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include "../../include/montauk/statuscodes.h"
 #include <math.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <time.h>
@@ -2476,7 +2477,7 @@ char *getcwd(char *buf, size_t size) {
     }
     int result = (int)_mtk_syscall2(SYS_GETCWD, (long)buf, (long)size);
     if (result < 0) {
-        errno = result == -2 ? ERANGE : EIO;
+        errno = result == BufferTooSmall ? ERANGE : EIO;
         return NULL;
     }
     return buf;
@@ -3566,9 +3567,10 @@ int utime(const char *path, const struct utimbuf *times) {
                                 times != NULL ? (long)times->modtime : 0,
                                 times == NULL);
     if (result == 0) return 0;
-    if (result == -2) errno = ENOTSUP;
-    else if (result == -3) errno = EOVERFLOW;
-    else if (result == -4) errno = EIO;
+    if (result == UnsupportedOp) errno = ENOTSUP;
+    else if (result == InvalidArgument) errno = EOVERFLOW;
+    else if (result == IoFailure) errno = EIO;
+    else if (result == SystemIntegrityError) errno = EPERM;
     else errno = ENOENT;
     return -1;
 }

programs/src/display/main.cpp

@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ static void apply_changes() {
     if (g_driver_available && g_selected_mode != g_info.currentMode) {
         int result = montauk::display_set_mode(g_selected_mode);
         if (result < 0) {
-            set_status(result == -2
+            set_status(result == montauk::UnsupportedOp
                 ? "Mode needs unsupported display-link training"
                 : "Mode change failed; previous mode restored");
             refresh_state(true);

programs/src/login/login_shutdown.cpp

@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ void perform_graceful_shutdown(LoginState* ls, int action) {
     // A successful power-control syscall never returns.  If it does return,
     // keep the trusted supervisor alive and make the authorization failure
     // visible instead of falling through an unreachable-code assumption.
-    show_stage(ls, heading, rc == montauk::abi::SYS_ERR_PERMISSION
+    show_stage(ls, heading, rc == montauk::CapabilityDenied
         ? "Power control permission denied."
         : "Power control failed.");
     for (;;) montauk::sleep_ms(1000);

programs/src/reset/main.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 extern "C" void _start() {
     montauk::print("Rebooting...\n");
     int rc = montauk::reset();
-    if (rc == montauk::abi::SYS_ERR_PERMISSION)
+    if (rc == montauk::CapabilityDenied)
         montauk::print("reset: permission denied\n");
     else
         montauk::print("reset: reboot failed\n");

programs/src/shell/main.cpp

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ static int process_command(const char* line) {
             : montauk::abi::POWER_REQ_SHUTDOWN;
         int rc = montauk::power_request(action);
         if (rc == 0) montauk::exit(0);
-        montauk::print(rc == montauk::abi::SYS_ERR_PERMISSION
+        montauk::print(rc == montauk::CapabilityDenied
             ? "power: permission denied\n"
             : "power: request failed\n");
         return 1;
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ static int process_command(const char* line) {
 
     if (streq(cmd, "suspend")) {
         int rc = montauk::suspend();
-        if (rc == montauk::abi::SYS_ERR_PERMISSION)
+        if (rc == montauk::CapabilityDenied)
             montauk::print("suspend: permission denied\n");
         return rc == 0 ? 0 : 1;
     }

scripts/montauk-syscalls.py

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# montauk-syscalls.py - Keep the TCC C API header's syscall numbers in sync
-# with the canonical syscall ABI.
+# montauk-syscalls.py - Keep the TCC C API header's syscall numbers and status
+# codes in sync with the canonical syscall ABI.
 #
 # Source of truth : programs/include/Api/Syscall.hpp  (montauk::abi::SYS_*)
-# Generated block : programs/include/libc/montauk.h   (#define MTK_SYS_*)
+#                   kernel/src/Common/StatusCodes.hpp (enum StatusCodes)
+# Mirrors         : programs/include/montauk/statuscodes.h (must match exactly)
+# Generated blocks: programs/include/libc/montauk.h   (#define MTK_SYS_*,
+#                                                      #define MTK_STATUS_*)
 #
 # The libc/montauk.h header is a hand-maintained, TCC-compatible C mirror of the
 # syscall surface. Its typed wrapper functions stay hand-written (their argument
@@ -13,10 +16,13 @@
 #
 # Usage:
 #   montauk-syscalls.py check    Verify every SYS_* has a matching MTK_SYS_* with
-#                                the same number. Exits non-zero on any drift.
-#                                Run from the build so stale headers fail loudly.
-#   montauk-syscalls.py gen      Rewrite the MTK_SYS_* block in montauk.h from the
-#                                canonical enum (numbers only; wrappers untouched).
+#                                the same number, and that both status code
+#                                mirrors match the kernel enum. Exits non-zero on
+#                                any drift. Run from the build so stale headers
+#                                fail loudly.
+#   montauk-syscalls.py gen      Rewrite the MTK_SYS_* and MTK_STATUS_* blocks in
+#                                montauk.h (numbers only; wrappers untouched).
+#                                statuscodes.h is not generated; fix it by hand.
 
 import os
 import re
@@ -26,9 +32,13 @@ SCRIPT_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
 REPO_ROOT = os.path.dirname(SCRIPT_DIR)
 ABI_HDR = os.path.join(REPO_ROOT, "programs/include/Api/Syscall.hpp")
 C_HDR = os.path.join(REPO_ROOT, "programs/include/libc/montauk.h")
+STATUS_HDR = os.path.join(REPO_ROOT, "kernel/src/Common/StatusCodes.hpp")
+STATUS_MIRROR = os.path.join(REPO_ROOT, "programs/include/montauk/statuscodes.h")
 
 BEGIN_MARKER = "/* @SYSCALLS-BEGIN"
 END_MARKER = "/* @SYSCALLS-END */"
+STATUS_BEGIN_MARKER = "/* @STATUS-BEGIN"
+STATUS_END_MARKER = "/* @STATUS-END */"
 
 # Canonical SYS_* names intentionally NOT exposed in the C API. Empty by default;
 # add a name here (without the SYS_ prefix) to suppress a kernel-internal syscall.
@@ -38,6 +48,11 @@ EXCLUDE = set()
 ABI_RE = re.compile(r"constexpr\s+\w+\s+SYS_([A-Z0-9_]+)\s*=\s*(\d+)\s*;")
 # #define MTK_SYS_FOO 42
 DEF_RE = re.compile(r"#define\s+MTK_SYS_([A-Z0-9_]+)\s+(\d+)\b")
+# enum StatusCodes { Name = -3, ... };
+ENUM_RE = re.compile(r"enum\s+StatusCodes\s*\{([^}]*)\}", re.S)
+ENUM_ENTRY_RE = re.compile(r"([A-Za-z_]\w*)\s*=\s*(-?\d+)")
+# #define MTK_STATUS_FOO (-3)
+STATUS_DEF_RE = re.compile(r"#define\s+MTK_STATUS_([A-Z0-9_]+)\s+\(?(-?\d+)\)?")
 
 
 def read(path):
@@ -62,6 +77,43 @@ def parse_defines(text):
     return {name: int(num) for name, num in DEF_RE.findall(text)}
 
 
+def parse_status(path):
+    """Return [(Name, value)] from the StatusCodes enum in path, in order."""
+    m = ENUM_RE.search(read(path))
+    if not m:
+        sys.exit("montauk-syscalls: no enum StatusCodes found in %s" % path)
+    return [(n, int(v)) for n, v in ENUM_ENTRY_RE.findall(m.group(1))]
+
+
+def status_macro(name):
+    """GenericFailure -> GENERIC_FAILURE."""
+    return re.sub(r"(?<!^)(?=[A-Z])", "_", name).upper()
+
+
+def check_status(c_text):
+    """Print drift between the kernel enum and its two mirrors; return count."""
+    canon = parse_status(STATUS_HDR)
+    problems = 0
+    mirror = parse_status(STATUS_MIRROR)
+    if mirror != canon:
+        problems += 1
+        print("montauk-syscalls: DRIFT between Common/StatusCodes.hpp and "
+              "montauk/statuscodes.h", file=sys.stderr)
+        print("  kernel: %s" % canon, file=sys.stderr)
+        print("  mirror: %s" % mirror, file=sys.stderr)
+    want = {status_macro(n): v for n, v in canon}
+    have = {n: int(v) for n, v in STATUS_DEF_RE.findall(c_text)}
+    if want != have:
+        problems += 1
+        print("montauk-syscalls: DRIFT between Common/StatusCodes.hpp and "
+              "MTK_STATUS_* in libc/montauk.h", file=sys.stderr)
+        for n in sorted(set(want) | set(have)):
+            if want.get(n) != have.get(n):
+                print("      MTK_STATUS_%-22s kernel=%s  montauk.h=%s"
+                      % (n, want.get(n), have.get(n)), file=sys.stderr)
+    return problems
+
+
 def diff(abi, defs):
     """Return (missing, mismatched, extra) describing drift of defs vs abi."""
     missing = sorted(n for n in abi if n not in defs)
@@ -74,10 +126,17 @@ def diff(abi, defs):
 
 def cmd_check():
     abi = parse_abi()
-    defs = parse_defines(read(C_HDR))
+    c_text = read(C_HDR)
+    defs = parse_defines(c_text)
     missing, mismatched, extra = diff(abi, defs)
+    status_problems = check_status(c_text)
     if not (missing or mismatched or extra):
-        print("montauk-syscalls: OK (%d syscalls in sync)" % len(abi))
+        if status_problems:
+            print("\n  Run 'make gen-syscalls' to regenerate MTK_STATUS_*; "
+                  "montauk/statuscodes.h is fixed by hand.", file=sys.stderr)
+            return 1
+        print("montauk-syscalls: OK (%d syscalls, %d status codes in sync)"
+              % (len(abi), len(parse_status(STATUS_HDR))))
         return 0
 
     print("montauk-syscalls: DRIFT between Api/Syscall.hpp and libc/montauk.h",
@@ -115,18 +174,33 @@ def render_block(abi):
     return "\n".join(lines)
 
 
+def render_status_block(codes):
+    width = max(len("MTK_STATUS_" + status_macro(n)) for n, _ in codes) + 1
+    lines = [STATUS_BEGIN_MARKER,
+             "   Generated from Common/StatusCodes.hpp by scripts/montauk-syscalls.py.",
+             "   Do not edit by hand; run 'make gen-syscalls' to refresh. */"]
+    for name, value in codes:
+        macro = "MTK_STATUS_" + status_macro(name)
+        lines.append("#define %-*s(%d)" % (width, macro, value))
+    lines.append(STATUS_END_MARKER)
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def replace_block(text, begin, end, block):
+    if begin not in text or end not in text:
+        sys.exit("montauk-syscalls: markers not found in %s; add a "
+                 "%s ... %s block first" % (C_HDR, begin, end))
+    start = text.index(begin)
+    stop = text.index(end) + len(end)
+    return text[:start] + block + text[stop:]
+
+
 def cmd_gen():
     abi = parse_abi()
     text = read(C_HDR)
-    block = render_block(abi)
-
-    if BEGIN_MARKER in text and END_MARKER in text:
-        start = text.index(BEGIN_MARKER)
-        end = text.index(END_MARKER) + len(END_MARKER)
-        new = text[:start] + block + text[end:]
-    else:
-        sys.exit("montauk-syscalls: markers not found in %s; add a "
-                 "%s ... %s block first" % (C_HDR, BEGIN_MARKER, END_MARKER))
+    new = replace_block(text, BEGIN_MARKER, END_MARKER, render_block(abi))
+    new = replace_block(new, STATUS_BEGIN_MARKER, STATUS_END_MARKER,
+                        render_status_block(parse_status(STATUS_HDR)))
 
     if new == text:
         print("montauk-syscalls: montauk.h already up to date (%d syscalls)"

template/docs/syscalls.md

@@ -2,8 +2,31 @@
 
 All syscalls are available through `#include <montauk/syscall.h>` in the `montauk` namespace. The syscall layer provides `syscall0()` through `syscall6()` primitives using AMD64 calling conventions. All raw syscalls return `int64_t`.
 
+## Status Codes
+
+| Code | Value | Meaning |
+|------|-------|---------|
+| `Success` | 0 | The call succeeded |
+| `GenericFailure` | -1 | Unspecified failure |
+| `PermissionDenied` | -2 | The object belongs to another process or the handle lacks the right |
+| `CapabilityDenied` | -3 | The caller lacks (or was refused consent for) a required capability |
+| `SystemIntegrityError` | -4 | The path is protected (ProtectedPaths) and the caller may not modify it |
+| `BadPointer` | -5 | A user pointer or buffer range is invalid |
+| `InvalidArgument` | -6 | An argument, id, or handle is invalid |
+| `UnsupportedOp` | -7 | The operation is not supported here |
+| `NoDevice` | -8 | The required device is absent or not initialized |
+| `IoFailure` | -9 | Device I/O failed |
+| `BadInvocation` | -10 | Unknown syscall number |
+| `NoSuchPath` | -11 | The path does not exist |
+| `Busy` | -12 | The resource is in use or its queue is full |
+| `BufferTooSmall` | -13 | The output buffer is too small; retry with a larger one |
+| `OutOfMemory` | -14 | Memory could not be allocated |
+
+The Wi-Fi (`WIFI_ERR_*`) and USB (`USB_ERR_*`) syscalls keep their own error codes.
+
 ## Table of Contents
 
+- [Status Codes](#status-codes)
 - [Process Management](#process-management)
 - [File System](#file-system)
 - [Memory](#memory)

template/sysroot/include/Api/Syscall.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <montauk/statuscodes.h>
 
 namespace montauk::abi {
 
@@ -250,6 +251,122 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
 
     static constexpr uint64_t SYS_LOG_WRITE           = 176;  // (logMessage) -> 0
     static constexpr uint64_t SYS_TERMINAL_ATTACHED   = 177;  // () -> 1 when connected to a userspace terminal
+    static constexpr uint64_t SYS_SPAWN_CAPS          = 185;
+    static constexpr uint64_t SYS_SPAWN_REDIR_CAPS    = 186;
+    // As SYS_ALLOC, but commits every page up front instead of faulting them
+    // in one at a time. For buffers the caller is about to touch in full.
+    static constexpr uint64_t SYS_ALLOC_EAGER         = 187;  // (bytes) -> va, 0 on failure
+
+    /* Battery.hpp -- ACPI battery status */
+    static constexpr uint64_t SYS_BATTERYINFO          = 188;  // (BatteryInfo*) -> 0, -1 no battery device
+
+    // The caller's own capability masks.
+    static constexpr uint64_t SYS_GETCAPS              = 189;  // (SpawnCapabilities*) -> 0, -1 bad pointer
+
+    /* Storage.hpp */
+    static constexpr uint64_t SYS_VOLINFO              = 190;  // (VolInfo*, maxCount) -> count, -1 bad pointer
+
+    /* Consent.hpp */
+    static constexpr uint64_t SYS_CONSENT_REGISTER     = 191;  // () -> 0, -13 lacks CAP_COMPOSITOR, -1 another agent is live
+    static constexpr uint64_t SYS_CONSENT_NEXT         = 192;  // (ConsentRequest*) -> 1 delivered, 0 none queued
+    static constexpr uint64_t SYS_CONSENT_REPLY        = 193;  // (requestId, CONSENT_ALLOW/DENY) -> 0, -1 stale id
+
+    /* Kernel-owned process capabilities. User identities may namespace
+       per-user resources, but never participate in authorization decisions. */
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_PROCESS_ADMIN = 1ULL << 0;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_POWER_REQUEST = 1ULL << 1;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_POWER_CONTROL = 1ULL << 2;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_SUSPEND        = 1ULL << 3;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN  = 1ULL << 4;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_RAW_STORAGE    = 1ULL << 5;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN  = 1ULL << 6;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_SET_TIME       = 1ULL << 7;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_USER_ADMIN     = 1ULL << 8;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_DISPLAY_ADMIN  = 1ULL << 9;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN   = 1ULL << 10;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_LOG_READ       = 1ULL << 11;
+    /* Write to the program images the system boots and runs (0:/os,
+       0:/apps). Deliberately separate from CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN: grants are
+       keyed on binary path, so writing an image is equivalent to acquiring
+       whatever that image is granted at its next launch. Formatting a data
+       volume must not carry that authority with it. */
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_SYSTEM_IMAGE   = 1ULL << 12;
+    /* Map other processes' windows and deliver input events to them
+       (SYS_WINMAP, SYS_WINSENDEVENT): the desktop compositor's authority.
+       Anything holding it can read every window's pixels and click on any
+       window, including a consent prompt it is itself waiting on, so it is
+       never part of a session mask, never part of "all", and never
+       delegated by the compositor to what it launches. */
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_COMPOSITOR     = 1ULL << 13;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_ALL            = (1ULL << 14) - 1;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_STANDARD_SESSION = CAP_POWER_REQUEST | CAP_SUSPEND;
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_ADMIN_SESSION =
+        CAP_STANDARD_SESSION | CAP_PROCESS_ADMIN | CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN |
+        CAP_RAW_STORAGE | CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN | CAP_SET_TIME | CAP_USER_ADMIN |
+        CAP_DISPLAY_ADMIN | CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN | CAP_LOG_READ;
+    static_assert((CAP_STANDARD_SESSION & ~CAP_ADMIN_SESSION) == 0);
+    static_assert((CAP_ADMIN_SESSION & CAP_POWER_CONTROL) == 0,
+                  "final power control belongs only to the session supervisor");
+    static_assert((CAP_ADMIN_SESSION & CAP_SYSTEM_IMAGE) == 0,
+                  "an admin session must not imply authority to rewrite the "
+                  "programs it launches; grant CAP_SYSTEM_IMAGE per binary");
+    static_assert((CAP_ADMIN_SESSION & CAP_COMPOSITOR) == 0,
+                  "a session must not delegate the compositor's authority; "
+                  "login grants it to the desktop directly");
+    // Capability denial for the Wi-Fi and USB syscalls only, which keep their
+    // own WIFI_ERR_* / USB_ERR_* spaces; everything else returns
+    // CapabilityDenied from StatusCodes.
+    static constexpr int SYS_ERR_PERMISSION = -13;
+
+    // A process holds two independent sets: what it may use (effective) and
+    // what it may pass to children (delegable). A launcher can delegate what
+    // it never uses itself, so neither set bounds the other.
+    struct SpawnCapabilities {
+        uint64_t effective;
+        uint64_t delegable;
+    };
+
+    // Both of the child's sets must come out of the parent's delegable set.
+    constexpr bool ValidCapabilityDelegation(const SpawnCapabilities& child,
+                                             uint64_t parentDelegable) {
+        return ((child.effective | child.delegable) & ~CAP_ALL) == 0 &&
+               (child.effective & ~parentDelegable) == 0 &&
+               (child.delegable & ~parentDelegable) == 0;
+    }
+    static_assert(ValidCapabilityDelegation(
+        {CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN, 0}, CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN));
+    static_assert(ValidCapabilityDelegation(
+        {0, CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN}, CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN));
+    static_assert(!ValidCapabilityDelegation(
+        {CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN, CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN}, 0));
+    static_assert(!ValidCapabilityDelegation(
+        {CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN | CAP_SET_TIME, 0}, CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN));
+    static_assert(!ValidCapabilityDelegation(
+        {0, CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN | CAP_SET_TIME}, CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN));
+
+    /* Capabilities a user can grant at first use through a consent prompt.
+       A consent grant never exceeds what the process's parent could have
+       delegated to it at spawn (its consent ceiling), is never delegable
+       onwards, and is issued only by the session's consent agent -- so it is
+       deferred delegation, not amplification. */
+    static constexpr uint64_t CAP_CONSENT_ELIGIBLE =
+        CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN | CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN | CAP_SET_TIME |
+        CAP_DISPLAY_ADMIN | CAP_LOG_READ;
+    static_assert((CAP_CONSENT_ELIGIBLE & ~CAP_ADMIN_SESSION) == 0,
+                  "consent can only hand out authority an admin session holds");
+
+    static constexpr int CONSENT_DENY  = 0;
+    static constexpr int CONSENT_ALLOW = 1;
+    // A request left unanswered this long is denied (and not remembered).
+    static constexpr uint64_t CONSENT_TIMEOUT_MS = 120000;
+
+    struct ConsentRequest {
+        uint64_t id;
+        uint64_t capability;        // exactly one CAP_* bit
+        int32_t  pid;
+        uint32_t imageProtected;    // 1 when writing the image needs CAP_SYSTEM_IMAGE
+        char     imagePath[256];
+    };
 
 
     static constexpr int USB_ERR_INVALID      = -1;
@@ -264,10 +381,17 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
     // Graceful power-off request actions (SYS_POWER_REQUEST). The desktop posts
     // a pending action and exits; login.elf reads it, runs the shutdown stages,
     // then issues the matching SYS_SHUTDOWN / SYS_RESET.
+    //
+    // A request can also be posted from inside the session -- the shell's
+    // shutdown builtin does. login only looks at it once the session leader
+    // exits, so the leader has to notice and stand down: POWER_REQ_PEEK is the
+    // non-destructive read it polls with. Only login consumes (QUERY), so a
+    // leader that peeks cannot swallow the request it is meant to act on.
     enum PowerRequestAction : int {
         POWER_REQ_QUERY    = 0,  // read-and-clear the pending action
         POWER_REQ_SHUTDOWN = 1,
         POWER_REQ_REBOOT   = 2,
+        POWER_REQ_PEEK     = 3,  // read the pending action without clearing it
     };
 
     static constexpr uint32_t CLIPBOARD_MAX_TEXT_BYTES = 256 * 1024;
@@ -530,6 +654,28 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         char     typeName[24];    // human-readable type name
     };
 
+    // One mounted volume (returned by SYS_VOLINFO). A volume is a single
+    // mounted filesystem, which is what a drive number names: one physical
+    // disk with three partitions occupies three drive numbers.
+    //
+    // A volume with no backing partition -- the boot ramdisk -- reports
+    // blockDev and partIndex as -1 and leaves the geometry fields zero.
+    struct VolInfo {
+        int32_t  drive;           // VFS drive number ("N:/")
+        int32_t  blockDev;        // backing block device index, -1 if none
+        int32_t  partIndex;       // global GPT partition index, -1 if none
+        uint32_t kind;            // BlockDeviceKind: 0=none/ramdisk, 1=SATA, 2=SATAPI, 3=NVMe, 4=USB MSC
+        uint64_t startLba;        // partition start LBA, 0 if none
+        uint64_t sectorCount;     // partition length in sectors, 0 if none
+        uint32_t sectorSize;      // logical sector size in bytes, 0 if none
+        uint32_t _pad0;
+        char     label[36];       // filesystem volume label, "" if unset
+        char     fsType[12];      // "ext2", "FAT32", "ramdisk", "" if unknown
+        char     partName[72];    // GPT partition name, "" if none
+        char     model[41];       // backing disk model, "" if none
+        char     _pad1[3];
+    };
+
     struct GptAddParams {
         int32_t  blockDev;
         uint32_t _pad0;
@@ -729,6 +875,8 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         char     name[64];
         uint64_t heapUsed;     // Distance from UserHeapBase to high-water mark
         uint64_t cpuTimeMs;    // accumulated scheduler runtime
+        uint64_t effectiveCaps;
+        uint64_t delegableCaps;
     };
 
     struct MemStats {
@@ -738,6 +886,26 @@ namespace montauk::abi {
         uint64_t pageSize;
     };
 
+    // Battery status (returned by SYS_BATTERYINFO). A machine with no battery
+    // device fails the call outright; `present` distinguishes a laptop with the
+    // pack removed from one that is running on it.
+    struct BatteryInfo {
+        uint8_t  present;            // a battery is installed
+        uint8_t  charging;
+        uint8_t  discharging;
+        uint8_t  critical;
+        uint8_t  acOnline;           // AC adapter connected
+        uint8_t  hasAcAdapter;       // an AC adapter device exists at all
+        uint8_t  percent;            // 0..100, 0 when capacity is unknown
+        uint8_t  powerUnitMilliAmps; // capacities are mAh/mA, not mWh/mW
+        uint32_t remainingCapacity;
+        uint32_t fullCapacity;       // last full charge capacity
+        uint32_t designCapacity;
+        uint32_t presentRate;        // mW or mA, 0 when unknown
+        uint32_t voltageMv;
+        int32_t  minutesRemaining;   // -1 when not estimable (e.g. charging)
+    };
+
     // Crash report (filled by kernel on process fault, returned via SYS_CRASH_REPORT)
     struct CrashReportInfo {
         int pid;

template/sysroot/include/gui/desktop.hpp

@@ -217,6 +217,16 @@ struct DesktopState {
     uint64_t wifi_status_time;
 
 
+    // Battery indicator.  Absent entirely on a machine with no ACPI battery
+    // device, which is how a desktop keeps a clean panel.
+    SvgIcon icon_battery;
+    char battery_icon_name[64];            // which glyph icon_battery holds
+    bool battery_present;                  // a battery device exists
+    bool battery_popup_open;
+    Rect battery_icon_rect;
+    montauk::abi::BatteryInfo battery_info;
+    uint64_t battery_last_poll;
+
     bool vol_popup_open;
     Rect vol_icon_rect;
     int vol_level;            // 0-100

template/sysroot/include/gui/terminal.hpp

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <montauk/syscall.h>
 #include <montauk/string.h>
 #include <Api/Syscall.hpp>
+#include <montauk/capabilities.h>
 
 namespace gui {
 
@@ -59,32 +60,47 @@ struct TerminalState {
     int csi_current_param;
 };
 
+// ==== Palette ====
+//
+// The palette is a mutable global rather than a set of constants because the
+// terminal lets the user switch themes at runtime. Cells store resolved colors,
+// so a theme switch also has to rewrite the cells that were painted with the
+// outgoing palette -- see terminal_remap_palette below.
+
+struct TermPalette {
+    Color bg;
+    Color fg;
+    Color cursor;
+    Color ansi[16];
+};
+
+inline constexpr TermPalette TERM_PALETTE_DEFAULT = {
+    colors::TERM_BG,
+    colors::TERM_FG,
+    colors::TERM_FG,
+    {
+        Color::from_hex(0x000000), Color::from_hex(0xCC0000),
+        Color::from_hex(0x4E9A06), Color::from_hex(0xC4A000),
+        Color::from_hex(0x3465A4), Color::from_hex(0x75507B),
+        Color::from_hex(0x06989A), Color::from_hex(0xD3D7CF),
+        Color::from_hex(0x555753), Color::from_hex(0xEF2929),
+        Color::from_hex(0x8AE234), Color::from_hex(0xFCE94F),
+        Color::from_hex(0x729FCF), Color::from_hex(0xAD7FA8),
+        Color::from_hex(0x34E2E2), Color::from_hex(0xEEEEEC),
+    }
+};
+
+inline TermPalette g_term_palette = TERM_PALETTE_DEFAULT;
+
 // Standard ANSI color palette as ARGB pixels
 static inline Color term_ansi_color(int idx) {
-    switch (idx) {
-    case 0:  return Color::from_hex(0x000000);
-    case 1:  return Color::from_hex(0xCC0000);
-    case 2:  return Color::from_hex(0x4E9A06);
-    case 3:  return Color::from_hex(0xC4A000);
-    case 4:  return Color::from_hex(0x3465A4);
-    case 5:  return Color::from_hex(0x75507B);
-    case 6:  return Color::from_hex(0x06989A);
-    case 7:  return Color::from_hex(0xD3D7CF);
-    case 8:  return Color::from_hex(0x555753);
-    case 9:  return Color::from_hex(0xEF2929);
-    case 10: return Color::from_hex(0x8AE234);
-    case 11: return Color::from_hex(0xFCE94F);
-    case 12: return Color::from_hex(0x729FCF);
-    case 13: return Color::from_hex(0xAD7FA8);
-    case 14: return Color::from_hex(0x34E2E2);
-    case 15: return Color::from_hex(0xEEEEEC);
-    default: return colors::TERM_FG;
-    }
+    if (idx < 0 || idx > 15) return g_term_palette.fg;
+    return g_term_palette.ansi[idx];
 }
 
 // ANSI 256-color palette (0-15 = standard, 16-231 = RGB cube, 232-255 = grayscale)
 static inline Color term_ansi_256_color(int idx) {
-    if (idx < 0) return colors::TERM_FG;
+    if (idx < 0) return g_term_palette.fg;
     if (idx <= 15) return term_ansi_color(idx);
     if (idx <= 231) {
         // 6x6x6 RGB cube: idx 16 = (0,0,0), idx 231 = (5,5,5)
@@ -118,6 +134,47 @@ static inline void terminal_invalidate_render_cache(TerminalState* t) {
     t->render_cursor_visible = false;
 }
 
+// Translate one already-resolved cell color from an outgoing palette to the
+// incoming one. Colors that are not palette entries -- 256-color cube and
+// grayscale ramp values -- are left exactly as the program asked for them.
+static inline Color term_remap_color(Color c, const TermPalette& from,
+                                     const TermPalette& to) {
+    if (term_color_equal(c, from.bg)) return to.bg;
+    if (term_color_equal(c, from.fg)) return to.fg;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+        if (term_color_equal(c, from.ansi[i])) return to.ansi[i];
+    }
+    return c;
+}
+
+// Repaint an existing terminal in a new palette. Cells carry resolved colors,
+// so switching themes without this leaves all scrollback -- and the shell's
+// colored prompt -- in the old theme's colors.
+static inline void terminal_remap_palette(TerminalState* t,
+                                          const TermPalette& from,
+                                          const TermPalette& to) {
+    if (!t || !t->cells) return;
+
+    int total = (t->rows + t->max_scrollback) * t->cols;
+    for (int i = 0; i < total; i++) {
+        t->cells[i].fg = term_remap_color(t->cells[i].fg, from, to);
+        t->cells[i].bg = term_remap_color(t->cells[i].bg, from, to);
+    }
+
+    if (t->alt_cells) {
+        int screen = t->rows * t->cols;
+        for (int i = 0; i < screen; i++) {
+            t->alt_cells[i].fg = term_remap_color(t->alt_cells[i].fg, from, to);
+            t->alt_cells[i].bg = term_remap_color(t->alt_cells[i].bg, from, to);
+        }
+    }
+
+    t->current_fg = term_remap_color(t->current_fg, from, to);
+    t->current_bg = term_remap_color(t->current_bg, from, to);
+    terminal_invalidate_render_cache(t);
+    t->dirty = true;
+}
+
 static inline Color terminal_erase_bg(TerminalState* t) {
     return t->current_bg;
 }
@@ -162,8 +219,8 @@ static inline void terminal_init_cells(TerminalState* t, int cols, int rows, int
     t->scrollback_lines = 0;
     t->max_scrollback = max_sb;
     t->view_offset = 0;
-    t->current_fg = colors::TERM_FG;
-    t->current_bg = colors::TERM_BG;
+    t->current_fg = g_term_palette.fg;
+    t->current_bg = g_term_palette.bg;
     t->cursor_visible = false;
     t->alt_screen_active = false;
     t->reverse_video = false;
@@ -201,10 +258,10 @@ static inline void terminal_init_cells(TerminalState* t, int cols, int rows, int
         return;
     }
     for (int i = 0; i < total_cells; i++) {
-        t->cells[i] = {' ', colors::TERM_FG, colors::TERM_BG};
+        t->cells[i] = {' ', g_term_palette.fg, g_term_palette.bg};
     }
     for (int i = 0; i < screen_cells; i++) {
-        t->alt_cells[i] = {' ', colors::TERM_FG, colors::TERM_BG};
+        t->alt_cells[i] = {' ', g_term_palette.fg, g_term_palette.bg};
     }
 }
 
@@ -212,7 +269,8 @@ static inline void terminal_init(TerminalState* t, int cols, int rows) {
     terminal_init_cells(t, cols, rows, TERM_MAX_SCROLLBACK);
     t->cursor_visible = true;
 
-    t->child_pid = montauk::spawn_redir("0:/os/shell.elf");
+    static constexpr const char* kShellPath = "0:/os/shell.elf";
+    t->child_pid = montauk::caps::launch(kShellPath, {.redirected = true});
     if (t->child_pid > 0)
         montauk::childio_settermsz(t->child_pid, cols, rows);
 }
@@ -245,7 +303,7 @@ static inline void terminal_enter_alt_screen(TerminalState* t) {
     TermCell* screen = term_screen_row(t, 0);
     for (int i = 0; i < total; i++) {
         t->alt_cells[i] = screen[i];
-        screen[i] = {' ', colors::TERM_FG, colors::TERM_BG};
+        screen[i] = {' ', g_term_palette.fg, g_term_palette.bg};
     }
     t->view_offset = 0;
     t->cursor_x = 0;
@@ -424,8 +482,8 @@ static inline void terminal_process_csi(TerminalState* t, char cmd) {
             }
 
             if (code == 0) {
-                t->current_fg = colors::TERM_FG;
-                t->current_bg = colors::TERM_BG;
+                t->current_fg = g_term_palette.fg;
+                t->current_bg = g_term_palette.bg;
                 t->reverse_video = false;
             } else if (code == 1) {
                 // Bold: map to bright version of current color
@@ -473,15 +531,15 @@ static inline void terminal_process_csi(TerminalState* t, char cmd) {
             } else if (code >= 100 && code <= 107) {
                 t->current_bg = term_ansi_color(code - 100 + 8);
             } else if (code == 39) {
-                t->current_fg = colors::TERM_FG;
+                t->current_fg = g_term_palette.fg;
             } else if (code == 49) {
-                t->current_bg = colors::TERM_BG;
+                t->current_bg = g_term_palette.bg;
             }
         }
         if (t->csi_param_count == 0) {
             // ESC[m with no params = reset
-            t->current_fg = colors::TERM_FG;
-            t->current_bg = colors::TERM_BG;
+            t->current_fg = g_term_palette.fg;
+            t->current_bg = g_term_palette.bg;
             t->reverse_video = false;
         }
         break;
@@ -532,8 +590,8 @@ static inline void terminal_feed(TerminalState* t, const char* data, int len) {
                 for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) t->csi_params[j] = 0;
             } else if (ch == 'c') {
                 // Reset terminal
-                t->current_fg = colors::TERM_FG;
-                t->current_bg = colors::TERM_BG;
+                t->current_fg = g_term_palette.fg;
+                t->current_bg = g_term_palette.bg;
                 t->cursor_x = 0;
                 t->cursor_y = 0;
                 t->parse_state = TerminalState::STATE_NORMAL;
@@ -627,18 +685,21 @@ static inline void terminal_draw_cursor_pixels(const TermCell& cell,
                                                uint32_t* pixels, int pw, int ph,
                                                int px, int py, int cell_w, int cell_h,
                                                bool use_ttf, GlyphCache* gc) {
+    // The block cursor takes its color from the palette and punches the glyph
+    // out in the background color, so it stays legible on light themes too --
+    // a hardcoded white block disappears on a white background.
     terminal_fill_pixel_rect(pixels, pw, ph, px, py, cell_w, cell_h,
-                             colors::WHITE.to_pixel());
+                             g_term_palette.cursor.to_pixel());
 
     if (cell.ch <= 32 && cell.ch >= 0) return;
 
     if (use_ttf) {
         int baseline = py + gc->ascent;
         fonts::mono->draw_char_to_buffer(pixels, pw, ph,
-            px, baseline, (unsigned char)cell.ch, colors::BLACK, gc);
+            px, baseline, (unsigned char)cell.ch, g_term_palette.bg, gc);
     } else {
         terminal_draw_bitmap_char(pixels, pw, ph, px, py, (unsigned char)cell.ch,
-                                  colors::BLACK.to_pixel());
+                                  g_term_palette.bg.to_pixel());
     }
 }
 
@@ -700,7 +761,7 @@ static inline void terminal_render(TerminalState* t, uint32_t* pixels, int pw, i
         t->render_base_row != base_row ||
         t->render_term_cols != t->cols || t->render_term_rows != t->rows;
 
-    uint32_t bg_px = colors::TERM_BG.to_pixel();
+    uint32_t bg_px = g_term_palette.bg.to_pixel();
     if (full_redraw) {
         int row_bytes = pw * sizeof(uint32_t);
         for (int i = 0; i < pw; i++) pixels[i] = bg_px;
@@ -779,9 +840,9 @@ static inline void terminal_resize(TerminalState* t, int new_cols, int new_rows)
 
     // Clear new buffers
     for (int i = 0; i < new_total; i++)
-        new_cells[i] = {' ', colors::TERM_FG, colors::TERM_BG};
+        new_cells[i] = {' ', g_term_palette.fg, g_term_palette.bg};
     for (int i = 0; i < new_rows * new_cols; i++)
-        new_alt[i] = {' ', colors::TERM_FG, colors::TERM_BG};
+        new_alt[i] = {' ', g_term_palette.fg, g_term_palette.bg};
 
     // Copy content: scrollback + visible screen
     int old_content = t->scrollback_lines + t->rows;

template/sysroot/include/gui/truetype.hpp

@@ -483,10 +483,10 @@ namespace fonts {
             return f;
         };
 
-        system_font = load("0:/fonts/Roboto-Medium.ttf");
-        system_bold = load("0:/fonts/Roboto-Bold.ttf");
-        mono        = load("0:/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.ttf");
-        mono_bold   = load("0:/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Bold.ttf");
+        system_font = load("0:/os/fonts/Roboto-Medium.ttf");
+        system_bold = load("0:/os/fonts/Roboto-Bold.ttf");
+        mono        = load("0:/os/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.ttf");
+        mono_bold   = load("0:/os/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Bold.ttf");
 
         return system_font != nullptr;
     }

template/sysroot/include/libc/montauk.h

@@ -208,8 +208,38 @@ extern "C" {
 #define MTK_SYS_USB_BULK_IN_START  182
 #define MTK_SYS_USB_BULK_IN_STOP   183
 #define MTK_SYS_USB_BULK_IN_READ   184
+#define MTK_SYS_SPAWN_CAPS         185
+#define MTK_SYS_SPAWN_REDIR_CAPS   186
+#define MTK_SYS_ALLOC_EAGER        187
+#define MTK_SYS_BATTERYINFO        188
+#define MTK_SYS_GETCAPS            189
+#define MTK_SYS_VOLINFO            190
+#define MTK_SYS_CONSENT_REGISTER   191
+#define MTK_SYS_CONSENT_NEXT       192
+#define MTK_SYS_CONSENT_REPLY      193
 /* @SYSCALLS-END */
 
+/* Syscall status codes (montauk/statuscodes.h for C++). */
+/* @STATUS-BEGIN
+   Generated from Common/StatusCodes.hpp by scripts/montauk-syscalls.py.
+   Do not edit by hand; run 'make gen-syscalls' to refresh. */
+#define MTK_STATUS_SUCCESS                (0)
+#define MTK_STATUS_GENERIC_FAILURE        (-1)
+#define MTK_STATUS_PERMISSION_DENIED      (-2)
+#define MTK_STATUS_CAPABILITY_DENIED      (-3)
+#define MTK_STATUS_SYSTEM_INTEGRITY_ERROR (-4)
+#define MTK_STATUS_BAD_POINTER            (-5)
+#define MTK_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT       (-6)
+#define MTK_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED_OP         (-7)
+#define MTK_STATUS_NO_DEVICE              (-8)
+#define MTK_STATUS_IO_FAILURE             (-9)
+#define MTK_STATUS_BAD_INVOCATION         (-10)
+#define MTK_STATUS_NO_SUCH_PATH           (-11)
+#define MTK_STATUS_BUSY                   (-12)
+#define MTK_STATUS_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL       (-13)
+#define MTK_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY          (-14)
+/* @STATUS-END */
+
 #define MTK_SOCK_TCP 1
 #define MTK_SOCK_UDP 2
 #define MTK_IPC_SIGNAL_READABLE    (1u << 0)
@@ -683,8 +713,8 @@ static inline int mtk_set_unix_time(int64_t unix_seconds) {
     return (int)_mtk_syscall1(MTK_SYS_SETUNIXTIME, (long)unix_seconds);
 }
 
-static inline void mtk_settz(int offset_minutes) {
-    _mtk_syscall1(MTK_SYS_SETTZ, (long)offset_minutes);
+static inline int mtk_settz(int offset_minutes) {
+    return (int)_mtk_syscall1(MTK_SYS_SETTZ, (long)offset_minutes);
 }
 
 static inline int mtk_gettz(void) {
@@ -883,12 +913,12 @@ static inline int mtk_audio_ctl(int handle, int cmd, int value) {
    Power management
    ==================================================================== */
 
-static inline void mtk_reset(void) {
-    _mtk_syscall0(MTK_SYS_RESET);
+static inline int mtk_reset(void) {
+    return (int)_mtk_syscall0(MTK_SYS_RESET);
 }
 
-static inline void mtk_shutdown(void) {
-    _mtk_syscall0(MTK_SYS_SHUTDOWN);
+static inline int mtk_shutdown(void) {
+    return (int)_mtk_syscall0(MTK_SYS_SHUTDOWN);
 }
 
 /* ====================================================================

template/sysroot/include/libc/wchar.h

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ typedef struct {
 /* Byte-oriented C locale only: one byte, one character. */
 size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *dst, const char *src, size_t n);
 int    mblen(const char *s, size_t n);
+size_t mbrtowc(wchar_t *pwc, const char *s, size_t n, mbstate_t *ps);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }

template/sysroot/include/montauk/capabilities.h

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+/*
+    * capabilities.h
+    * Shared reader for the capability grant table (0:/config/capabilities.toml)
+    * Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Hammer
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+#include <montauk/syscall.h>
+#include <montauk/toml.h>
+#include <montauk/config.h>
+#include <montauk/heap.h>
+
+namespace montauk {
+namespace caps {
+
+    inline constexpr const char* GRANT_CONFIG = "capabilities";
+    inline constexpr const char* GRANT_PREFIX = "grant.";
+
+    struct CapName {
+        const char* name;
+        uint64_t    bit;
+    };
+
+    // Names as they appear in the config file.  Kept in the same order as the
+    // CAP_* bit definitions in Api/Syscall.hpp.
+    inline constexpr CapName NAMES[] = {
+        {"process_admin", montauk::abi::CAP_PROCESS_ADMIN},
+        {"power_request", montauk::abi::CAP_POWER_REQUEST},
+        {"power_control", montauk::abi::CAP_POWER_CONTROL},
+        {"suspend",       montauk::abi::CAP_SUSPEND},
+        {"storage_admin", montauk::abi::CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN},
+        {"raw_storage",   montauk::abi::CAP_RAW_STORAGE},
+        {"network_admin", montauk::abi::CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN},
+        {"set_time",      montauk::abi::CAP_SET_TIME},
+        {"user_admin",    montauk::abi::CAP_USER_ADMIN},
+        {"display_admin", montauk::abi::CAP_DISPLAY_ADMIN},
+        {"device_admin",  montauk::abi::CAP_DEVICE_ADMIN},
+        {"log_read",      montauk::abi::CAP_LOG_READ},
+        {"system_image",  montauk::abi::CAP_SYSTEM_IMAGE},
+        {"compositor",    montauk::abi::CAP_COMPOSITOR},
+    };
+
+    // Never implied by "all": each must be named explicitly in a grant.
+    inline constexpr uint64_t EXPLICIT_ONLY =
+        montauk::abi::CAP_SYSTEM_IMAGE | montauk::abi::CAP_COMPOSITOR;
+
+    inline uint64_t bit_for_name(const char* name) {
+        if (name == nullptr || name[0] == '\0') return 0;
+        // "all" means "everything this launcher may pass on".
+        if (montauk::streq(name, "all"))
+            return montauk::abi::CAP_ALL & ~EXPLICIT_ONLY;
+        for (const auto& entry : NAMES) {
+            if (montauk::streq(entry.name, name)) return entry.bit;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // True when a grant for `path` can apply: the program is installed under
+    // 0:/os or 0:/apps, which cannot be rewritten without system_image. The
+    // kernel enforces this (Fs::IsSystemImage) by starting any other program
+    // without capabilities; this copy of the rule is only for display.
+    inline bool is_installed_path(const char* path) {
+        if (path == nullptr) return false;
+        const char* p = path;
+        uint64_t drive = 0;
+        if (*p < '0' || *p > '9') return false;
+        while (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') drive = drive * 10 + (uint64_t)(*p++ - '0');
+        if (*p != ':' || drive != 0) return false;
+        p++;
+        static const char* const roots[] = {"/os", "/apps"};
+        for (const char* root : roots) {
+            int i = 0;
+            while (root[i]) {
+                char c = p[i];
+                if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') c = (char)(c + ('a' - 'A'));
+                if (c != root[i]) break;
+                i++;
+            }
+            if (root[i] == '\0' && (p[i] == '\0' || p[i] == '/')) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Read an array-of-strings key into a capability mask.
+    inline uint64_t mask_from_key(const montauk::toml::Doc& doc, const char* key) {
+        montauk::toml::Value* arr = doc.get_array(key);
+        if (arr == nullptr) return 0;
+
+        uint64_t mask = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < arr->array.count; i++) {
+            montauk::toml::Value* item = arr->array.items[i];
+            if (item == nullptr || item->type != montauk::toml::Type::String) continue;
+            mask |= bit_for_name(item->str);
+        }
+        return mask;
+    }
+
+    // Append `suffix` to the "grant.<id>." stem of `path_key`.
+    // Returns false if the key is not of that shape or does not fit.
+    inline bool build_sibling_key(const char* path_key, const char* suffix,
+                                  char* out, int outSz) {
+        int prefixLen = 0;
+        for (; GRANT_PREFIX[prefixLen]; prefixLen++) {
+            if (path_key[prefixLen] != GRANT_PREFIX[prefixLen]) return false;
+        }
+
+        // Copy through the final '.' so "grant.foo.path" yields "grant.foo.".
+        int lastDot = -1;
+        for (int i = 0; path_key[i]; i++) {
+            if (path_key[i] == '.') lastDot = i;
+        }
+        if (lastDot < prefixLen) return false;
+
+        int n = 0;
+        for (; n <= lastDot && n < outSz - 1; n++) out[n] = path_key[n];
+        for (int i = 0; suffix[i] && n < outSz - 1; i++) out[n++] = suffix[i];
+        out[n] = '\0';
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Look up the grant declared for `binary_path`.  Returns false when the
+    // path has no entry, which is the common case and means "no authority".
+    inline bool lookup(const char* binary_path,
+                       montauk::abi::SpawnCapabilities& out) {
+        out = {0, 0};
+        if (binary_path == nullptr || binary_path[0] == '\0') return false;
+
+        montauk::toml::Doc doc = montauk::config::load(GRANT_CONFIG);
+
+        bool found = false;
+        for (int i = 0; i < doc.entries.count && !found; i++) {
+            montauk::toml::Value* entry = doc.entries.items[i];
+            if (entry == nullptr || entry->key == nullptr) continue;
+            if (entry->type != montauk::toml::Type::String) continue;
+
+            char sibling[128];
+            if (!build_sibling_key(entry->key, "path", sibling, sizeof(sibling))) continue;
+            if (!montauk::streq(sibling, entry->key)) continue;
+            if (!montauk::streq(entry->str, binary_path)) continue;
+
+            build_sibling_key(entry->key, "effective", sibling, sizeof(sibling));
+            uint64_t effective = mask_from_key(doc, sibling);
+            build_sibling_key(entry->key, "delegable", sibling, sizeof(sibling));
+            uint64_t delegable = mask_from_key(doc, sibling);
+
+            out.effective = effective;
+            out.delegable = delegable;
+            found = true;
+        }
+
+        doc.destroy();
+        return found;
+    }
+
+    // The calling process's own capability masks.
+    inline bool self(montauk::abi::SpawnCapabilities& out) {
+        out = {0, 0};
+        return montauk::getcaps(&out) == 0;
+    }
+
+    inline uint64_t self_delegable() {
+        montauk::abi::SpawnCapabilities mine;
+        return self(mine) ? mine.delegable : 0;
+    }
+
+    // Build a spawn request for `binary_path`, clamped to what the caller may
+    // actually delegate.
+    inline montauk::abi::SpawnCapabilities for_binary(const char* binary_path,
+                                                      uint64_t caller_delegable) {
+        montauk::abi::SpawnCapabilities caps{0, 0};
+
+        if (caller_delegable == 0) return caps;
+
+        if (!lookup(binary_path, caps)) return caps;
+
+        caps.effective &= caller_delegable;
+        caps.delegable &= caller_delegable;
+        return caps;
+    }
+
+    // The calling process's delegable set, cached.
+    inline uint64_t my_delegable() {
+        static uint64_t cached = 0;
+        static bool     loaded = false;
+        if (!loaded) {
+            cached = self_delegable();
+            loaded = true;
+        }
+        return cached;
+    }
+
+    struct LaunchOptions {
+        const char* args = nullptr;
+        // Owner identity for the child.  Requires CAP_USER_ADMIN and is
+        // reserved for session creators (init, login);
+        const char* user = nullptr;
+        // True for a console host that reads and writes the child's I/O
+        // through the childio calls rather than sharing its own.
+        bool redirected = false;
+    };
+
+    // Unified launch helper.
+    inline int launch(const char* path, const LaunchOptions& opt = {}) {
+        if (path == nullptr || path[0] == '\0') return -1;
+
+        if (opt.redirected && opt.user != nullptr) return -1;
+
+        montauk::abi::SpawnCapabilities caps = for_binary(path, my_delegable());
+        return opt.redirected
+            ? spawn_redir_with_caps(path, opt.args, caps)
+            : spawn_with_caps(path, opt.args, opt.user, caps);
+    }
+
+} // namespace caps
+} // namespace montauk

template/sysroot/include/montauk/consent.h

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+/*
+    * consent.h
+    * First-use consent: prompt wording and the stored-decision table
+    * (0:/config/consent.toml).
+    * Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Hammer
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+#include <montauk/syscall.h>
+#include <montauk/string.h>
+#include <montauk/toml.h>
+#include <montauk/config.h>
+#include <montauk/capabilities.h>
+
+namespace montauk {
+namespace consent {
+
+    inline constexpr const char* STORE_CONFIG = "consent";
+    inline constexpr const char* STORE_PREFIX = "decision.";
+
+    struct CapText {
+        uint64_t    bit;
+        const char* action;  // completes "<App> wants to ..."
+        const char* icon;    // shown in the prompt
+    };
+
+    inline constexpr CapText TEXTS[] = {
+        {montauk::abi::CAP_STORAGE_ADMIN, "format, partition and mount disks",
+         "0:/os/icons/drive-harddisk.svg"},
+        {montauk::abi::CAP_NETWORK_ADMIN, "change network settings and join Wi-Fi networks",
+         "0:/os/icons/network-wired.svg"},
+        {montauk::abi::CAP_SET_TIME,      "change the system clock and time zone",
+         "0:/os/icons/preferences-system-time.svg"},
+        {montauk::abi::CAP_DISPLAY_ADMIN, "change the screen resolution and brightness",
+         "0:/os/icons/preferences-desktop-display.svg"},
+        {montauk::abi::CAP_LOG_READ,      "read the system log, which can reveal what other apps and devices are doing",
+         "0:/os/icons/utilities-log-viewer.svg"},
+    };
+
+    // Fallback for a capability without its own icon.
+    inline constexpr const char* DEFAULT_ICON = "0:/os/icons/lock.svg";
+
+    inline const char* action_for(uint64_t bit) {
+        for (const auto& t : TEXTS) {
+            if (t.bit == bit) return t.action;
+        }
+        return "use a protected system capability";
+    }
+
+    inline const char* icon_for(uint64_t bit) {
+        for (const auto& t : TEXTS) {
+            if (t.bit == bit) return t.icon;
+        }
+        return DEFAULT_ICON;
+    }
+
+    inline const char* name_for(uint64_t bit) {
+        for (const auto& n : montauk::caps::NAMES) {
+            if (n.bit == bit) return n.name;
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    // One stored decision, as read from the table. Only programs installed
+    // under 0:/os or 0:/apps are ever stored: those paths cannot be rewritten
+    // without CAP_SYSTEM_IMAGE, so the path alone identifies the program.
+    // The kernel reports this as ConsentRequest::imageProtected.
+    struct Decision {
+        char     id[16];
+        char     path[256];
+        uint64_t capability;
+        bool     allow;
+    };
+
+    namespace detail {
+        inline void key(char* out, int cap, const char* id, const char* field) {
+            int n = 0;
+            for (const char* p = STORE_PREFIX; *p && n < cap - 1; p++) out[n++] = *p;
+            for (const char* p = id; *p && n < cap - 1; p++) out[n++] = *p;
+            if (n < cap - 1) out[n++] = '.';
+            for (const char* p = field; *p && n < cap - 1; p++) out[n++] = *p;
+            out[n] = '\0';
+        }
+
+        // Ids of "decision.<id>.path" entries, in file order.
+        inline int collect_ids(const montauk::toml::Doc& doc, char (*ids)[16], int max) {
+            int count = 0;
+            int prefixLen = montauk::slen(STORE_PREFIX);
+            for (int i = 0; i < doc.entries.count && count < max; i++) {
+                montauk::toml::Value* v = doc.entries.items[i];
+                if (v == nullptr || v->key == nullptr) continue;
+                if (!montauk::starts_with(v->key, STORE_PREFIX)) continue;
+                const char* rest = v->key + prefixLen;
+                int dot = 0;
+                while (rest[dot] && rest[dot] != '.') dot++;
+                if (rest[dot] != '.' || !montauk::streq(rest + dot + 1, "path")) continue;
+                if (dot <= 0 || dot >= 16) continue;
+                montauk::memcpy(ids[count], rest, dot);
+                ids[count][dot] = '\0';
+                count++;
+            }
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        inline bool read(const montauk::toml::Doc& doc, const char* id, Decision& out) {
+            char k[64];
+            montauk::memset(&out, 0, sizeof(out));
+            montauk::strncpy(out.id, id, sizeof(out.id));
+            key(k, sizeof(k), id, "path");
+            montauk::strncpy(out.path, doc.get_string(k, ""), sizeof(out.path));
+            key(k, sizeof(k), id, "capability");
+            out.capability = montauk::caps::bit_for_name(doc.get_string(k, ""));
+            key(k, sizeof(k), id, "decision");
+            out.allow = montauk::streq(doc.get_string(k, ""), "allow");
+            // "all" or an unknown name is never a valid stored decision.
+            return out.path[0] &&
+                   (out.capability & montauk::abi::CAP_CONSENT_ELIGIBLE) != 0 &&
+                   (out.capability & (out.capability - 1)) == 0;
+        }
+
+        inline void remove_id(montauk::toml::Doc* doc, const char* id) {
+            static const char* fields[] = {"path", "capability", "decision"};
+            char k[64];
+            for (const char* f : fields) {
+                key(k, sizeof(k), id, f);
+                montauk::config::unset(doc, k);
+            }
+        }
+    } // namespace detail
+
+    // Read up to `max` stored decisions. Returns the count.
+    inline int load_all(Decision* out, int max) {
+        montauk::toml::Doc doc = montauk::config::load(STORE_CONFIG);
+        char ids[128][16];
+        int idCount = detail::collect_ids(doc, ids, 128);
+        int count = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < idCount && count < max; i++) {
+            if (detail::read(doc, ids[i], out[count])) count++;
+        }
+        doc.destroy();
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    // Stored answer for (path, capability): 1 allow, 0 deny, -1 none.
+    inline int lookup(const char* path, uint64_t capability) {
+        montauk::toml::Doc doc = montauk::config::load(STORE_CONFIG);
+        char ids[128][16];
+        int idCount = detail::collect_ids(doc, ids, 128);
+        int result = -1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < idCount && result < 0; i++) {
+            Decision d;
+            if (!detail::read(doc, ids[i], d)) continue;
+            if (d.capability == capability && montauk::streq(d.path, path)) {
+                result = d.allow ? 1 : 0;
+            }
+        }
+        doc.destroy();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // Store an answer, replacing any earlier one for the same path and
+    // capability. Returns 0 on success, negative when the table cannot be
+    // written.
+    inline int record(const char* path, uint64_t capability, bool allow) {
+        montauk::toml::Doc doc = montauk::config::load(STORE_CONFIG);
+        char ids[128][16];
+        int idCount = detail::collect_ids(doc, ids, 128);
+        int nextId = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < idCount; i++) {
+            Decision d;
+            bool valid = detail::read(doc, ids[i], d);
+            if (valid && d.capability == capability && montauk::streq(d.path, path))
+                detail::remove_id(&doc, ids[i]);
+            int n = 0;
+            for (const char* p = ids[i]; *p >= '0' && *p <= '9'; p++) n = n * 10 + (*p - '0');
+            if (n >= nextId) nextId = n + 1;
+        }
+
+        char id[16];
+        int len = 0;
+        char rev[16];
+        for (int n = nextId; n > 0 && len < 15; n /= 10) rev[len++] = (char)('0' + n % 10);
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) id[i] = rev[len - 1 - i];
+        id[len] = '\0';
+
+        char k[64];
+        detail::key(k, sizeof(k), id, "path");
+        montauk::config::set_string(&doc, k, path);
+        detail::key(k, sizeof(k), id, "capability");
+        montauk::config::set_string(&doc, k, name_for(capability));
+        detail::key(k, sizeof(k), id, "decision");
+        montauk::config::set_string(&doc, k, allow ? "allow" : "deny");
+
+        int rc = montauk::config::save(STORE_CONFIG, &doc);
+        doc.destroy();
+        return rc;
+    }
+
+    // Drop one stored decision by id; the program is asked again next time.
+    inline int forget(const char* id) {
+        montauk::toml::Doc doc = montauk::config::load(STORE_CONFIG);
+        detail::remove_id(&doc, id);
+        int rc = montauk::config::save(STORE_CONFIG, &doc);
+        doc.destroy();
+        return rc;
+    }
+
+} // namespace consent
+} // namespace montauk

template/sysroot/include/montauk/statuscodes.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+    * statuscodes.h
+    * MontaukOS status codes
+    * Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Hammer
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+// Userspace mirror of kernel/src/Common/StatusCodes.hpp. Also usable from C
+// (the libc includes it), where the enumerators are unqualified.
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+namespace montauk {
+#endif
+
+enum StatusCodes {
+    Success = 0,
+    GenericFailure = -1,
+    PermissionDenied = -2,
+    CapabilityDenied = -3,
+    SystemIntegrityError = -4,
+    BadPointer = -5,
+    InvalidArgument = -6,
+    UnsupportedOp = -7,
+    NoDevice = -8,
+    IoFailure = -9,
+    BadInvocation = -10,
+    NoSuchPath = -11,
+    Busy = -12,
+    BufferTooSmall = -13,
+    OutOfMemory = -14
+};
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif

template/sysroot/include/montauk/syscall.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 #include <Api/Syscall.hpp>
+#include <montauk/statuscodes.h>
 
 namespace montauk {
 
@@ -120,6 +121,28 @@ namespace montauk {
     inline int spawn(const char* path, const char* args = nullptr) {
         return (int)syscall2(montauk::abi::SYS_SPAWN, (uint64_t)path, (uint64_t)args);
     }
+    inline int spawn_with_caps(const char* path, const char* args,
+                               const char* user,
+                               const montauk::abi::SpawnCapabilities& capabilities) {
+        return (int)syscall4(montauk::abi::SYS_SPAWN_CAPS, (uint64_t)path,
+                             (uint64_t)args, (uint64_t)user,
+                             (uint64_t)&capabilities);
+    }
+    // The calling process's own capability masks. Returns 0 on success.
+    inline int getcaps(montauk::abi::SpawnCapabilities* out) {
+        return (int)syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_GETCAPS, (uint64_t)out);
+    }
+
+    // Consent agent.
+    inline int consent_register() {
+        return (int)syscall0(montauk::abi::SYS_CONSENT_REGISTER);
+    }
+    inline int consent_next(montauk::abi::ConsentRequest* out) {
+        return (int)syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_CONSENT_NEXT, (uint64_t)out);
+    }
+    inline int consent_reply(uint64_t id, int decision) {
+        return (int)syscall2(montauk::abi::SYS_CONSENT_REPLY, id, (uint64_t)decision);
+    }
     inline int chdir(const char* path) {
         return (int)syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_CHDIR, (uint64_t)path);
     }
@@ -184,6 +207,10 @@ namespace montauk {
 
     // Memory
     inline void* alloc(uint64_t size) { return (void*)syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_ALLOC, size); }
+    // As alloc(), but the kernel commits the whole range immediately. Use it
+    // for a buffer that is about to be written end to end: the lazy path costs
+    // one page fault, one mutex acquire and one VMA walk per 4 KiB.
+    inline void* alloc_eager(uint64_t size) { return (void*)syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_ALLOC_EAGER, size); }
     inline void free(void* ptr) { syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_FREE, (uint64_t)ptr); }
 
     // Timekeeping
@@ -391,7 +418,10 @@ namespace montauk {
     }
 
     // Timezone offset (total minutes from UTC)
-    inline void settz(int offset_minutes) { syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_SETTZ, (uint64_t)(int64_t)offset_minutes); }
+    inline int settz(int offset_minutes) {
+        return (int)syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_SETTZ,
+                             (uint64_t)(int64_t)offset_minutes);
+    }
     inline int gettz() { return (int)syscall0(montauk::abi::SYS_GETTZ); }
 
     // Random number generation
@@ -400,14 +430,12 @@ namespace montauk {
     }
 
     // Power management
-    [[noreturn]] inline void reset() {
-        syscall0(montauk::abi::SYS_RESET);
-        __builtin_unreachable();
+    inline int reset() {
+        return (int)syscall0(montauk::abi::SYS_RESET);
     }
 
-    [[noreturn]] inline void shutdown() {
-        syscall0(montauk::abi::SYS_SHUTDOWN);
-        __builtin_unreachable();
+    inline int shutdown() {
+        return (int)syscall0(montauk::abi::SYS_SHUTDOWN);
     }
 
     inline int suspend() {
@@ -423,6 +451,13 @@ namespace montauk {
         return (int)syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_POWER_REQUEST, (uint64_t)(int64_t)action);
     }
 
+    // Non-destructive read of the pending request, for a session leader that
+    // must stand down when something inside its session (the shell's shutdown
+    // builtin, say) asked for power-off. Returns POWER_REQ_QUERY when idle.
+    inline int power_request_pending() {
+        return power_request(montauk::abi::POWER_REQ_PEEK);
+    }
+
     // Mouse
     inline void mouse_state(montauk::abi::MouseState* out) { syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_MOUSESTATE, (uint64_t)out); }
     inline void set_mouse_bounds(int32_t maxX, int32_t maxY) {
@@ -447,6 +482,13 @@ namespace montauk {
     inline int spawn_redir(const char* path, const char* args = nullptr) {
         return (int)syscall2(montauk::abi::SYS_SPAWN_REDIR, (uint64_t)path, (uint64_t)args);
     }
+    inline int spawn_redir_with_caps(
+            const char* path, const char* args,
+            const montauk::abi::SpawnCapabilities& capabilities) {
+        return (int)syscall3(montauk::abi::SYS_SPAWN_REDIR_CAPS,
+                             (uint64_t)path, (uint64_t)args,
+                             (uint64_t)&capabilities);
+    }
     inline int childio_read(int childPid, char* buf, int maxLen) {
         return (int)syscall3(montauk::abi::SYS_CHILDIO_READ, (uint64_t)childPid, (uint64_t)buf, (uint64_t)maxLen);
     }
@@ -484,6 +526,10 @@ namespace montauk {
     inline int partlist(montauk::abi::PartInfo* buf, int max) {
         return (int)syscall2(montauk::abi::SYS_PARTLIST, (uint64_t)buf, (uint64_t)max);
     }
+    // One entry per mounted volume (one filesystem, i.e. one drive number).
+    inline int volinfo(montauk::abi::VolInfo* buf, int max) {
+        return (int)syscall2(montauk::abi::SYS_VOLINFO, (uint64_t)buf, (uint64_t)max);
+    }
 
     // Raw block device I/O (driver-agnostic)
     inline int64_t disk_read(int blockDev, uint64_t lba, uint32_t sectorCount, void* buf) {
@@ -613,6 +659,13 @@ namespace montauk {
         return (int)syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_BTINFO, (uint64_t)buf);
     }
 
+    // ACPI battery status. Returns 0 on success, or -1 on a machine with no
+    // battery device at all -- which is the signal not to draw an indicator.
+    // A laptop with the pack removed still returns 0, with present == 0.
+    inline int battery_info(montauk::abi::BatteryInfo* out) {
+        return (int)syscall1(montauk::abi::SYS_BATTERYINFO, (uint64_t)out);
+    }
+
     // Wi-Fi. scan() runs a full channel sweep and blocks until it finishes or
     // timeoutMs elapses, then fills buf with the networks seen; it returns the
     // number of entries written, or -1 when no adapter is ready.

template/sysroot/include/montauk/user.h

@@ -219,6 +219,16 @@ namespace user {
         return false;
     }
 
+    inline bool is_admin(const char* username) {
+        UserInfo users[MAX_USERS];
+        int count = load_users(users, MAX_USERS);
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            if (montauk::streq(users[i].username, username))
+                return montauk::streq(users[i].role, "admin");
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
     // ---- User management ----
 
     inline bool create_user(const char* username, const char* display_name,